Jed T. Elison, Ph.D., an is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, with joint affiliations with both the Departments of Pediatrics and Nueroscience. He has contributed to over 40 publications on child development. Maria D. Sera, Ph.D., is a Professor at the Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota. She has contributed to over 40 publications on the development of language and its relation to cognitive development. She recently co-authored a National Academy of Sciences report on promoting language and educational success in dual language learners.

• Preface ixList of Contributors xiii1 The Evolution and Ontogeny of Deep Social Mind and the Social Brain 1Andrew WhitenIntroduction 1Primate Machiavellian Intelligence and the Social Brain 3Testing and Elaborating on the Social Brain Hypothesis 5Primate Social Complexity and Social Cognition 8From Machiavellian Intelligence to the Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis 9The Cultural Intelligence Hypothesis and the Vygotskian Intelligence Hypothesis 14The Evolution of Deep Social Mind 15The Ontogeny of Deep Social Mind: The Life History Matrix 17Extended Childhood 18Neoteny 19The Ontogenetic Development and Evolutionary Foundations of Deep Social Mind and Its Social Brain 20Cooperation 21Egalitarian Sharing 22Mentalizing 25Cultural Learning and Cumulative Culture 27Language: Positive Feedback Between Elements of Deep Social Mind 32Concluding Remarks 34References 34Part I: Animal Models of Social Brain Function2 Neurobiology of Infant Sensitive Period for Attachment and Its Reinstatement Through Maternal Social Buffering 47Regina M. Sullivan and Maya OpendakIntroduction 47Neurobehavioral Assessment of Learned Maternal Cues During the Attachment Sensitive Period 53Maternal Control Over Stress Hormones: Social Buffering 56Changing Neurobehavioral Consequences of Social Buffering 61Uncovering the Effects of Early-life Adversity 62Adult Effects of Early-life Abuse Are Rescued by Infant Maternal Odor 63Concluding Remarks 65Acknowledgments 66References 663 Marmoset Monkey Vocal Communication: Common Developmental Trajectories With Humans and Possible Mechanisms 87Asif A. Ghazanfar, Daniel Y. Takahashi, Yisi S. Zhang, and Jeremy I. BorjonIntroduction 87The Marmoset Monkey Model System 88Babbling and Perinatal Influences on Vocal Output 90Development of Vocal Turn-taking 96Turn-taking as the Developmental System Upon Which Infant Vocalizations Are Learned 97The Autonomic Nervous System as the Engine for Vocal Development 101Evolutionary Origins 103Conclusions 104Acknowledgments 105References 105Part II: Higher-Order Human Social Brain Function4 The Social Brain in Adolescence and Adulthood: Lessons in Mindreading 115David Pollard, Stephanie Burnett Heyes, and Ian ApperlyIntroduction: What Am I Thinking? 115Reading Minds at One’s Fourth Birthday Party: The Cognitive Foundations of Mentalizing 117A Primer for the Neural Foundations of Theory of Mind 118What the Difficulties of Adults Can Tell Us About Theory of Mind Reasoning 120Storing and Using Someone’s Mental State 121Inferring Someone’s Mental State 122Use of Mental State Inferences to Guide Social Behavior 124Reading Minds Like Breathing Air: “Automatic” Perspective Taking 125Building a Theory of Mind: Functional and Neural Changes Through Childhood and Adolescence 130Social Changes 131Cognitive Changes 132Neural Changes 133Conclusion 136References 1375 Developmental Social Neuroscience of Morality 147Jean Decety and Jason M. CowellIntroduction 147Definitional Issues and Theoretical Perspectives 150Perception and Sensitivity to Interpersonal Harm 155Experiencing and Perceiving Pain: The Most Basic Level 156Early Signs of Emotional Sensitivity 158Empathic Concern and Its Key Role in Morality 163Implicit Sociomoral Evaluations 167Neurodevelopmental Changes in Third-party Perception of Interpersonal Harm 172Neurological Lesions That Impair Moral Cognition and Behavior 175Atypical Functional and Anatomical Connectivity 176What We Have Learned 179Where Should Developmental Neuroscience Be Heading? 181References 183Part III: Summary and Future Directions6 Development of the Social Brain: From Mechanisms to Principles 199Ralph Adolphs and Jed T. ElisonIntroduction 199Mechanistic Features of Neural Development 203The Social Environment: Permissive, Instructive, Enabling, and/or Buffering? 205Causality: Partial Correlation Versus Temporal Order 208What Are the Processes? Insights From the Varied Nature of Mentalizing 210Domain Specificity Revisited 211From Mechanisms to Principles 212Acknowledgments 215References 215Author Index 219Subject Index 233

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