Stephane Grange is a Professor at the INSA in Lyon, France, and Director of the GEOMAS Civil Engineering Laboratory. His research focuses on the dynamic behavior of structures in interaction with their environment.Diana Salciarini is Associate Professor at the University of Perugia, Italy. Her research topics include: the analysis of soil-structure interaction phenomena under dynamic loading conditions, and coupled problems in geo-structure behavior under thermal cycles.

• Introduction ixChapter 1. Hydro-mechanically Coupled Interface Finite Element for the Modeling of Soil–Structure Interactions: Application to Offshore Constructions 1Benjamin CERFONTAINE and Robert CHARLIER1.1. Introduction 21.1.1. The finite element method (FEM) 21.1.2. Review of existing contact formulations 31.1.3. Objectives 71.2. Governing equations of the interface problem 71.2.1 .Mechanical problem 81.2.2. Flow problem 121.2.3. Couplings between mechanical and flow problems 151.3. Numerical formulation of the element 161.3.1. Space and fluid pressure discretization 161.3.2. Mechanical problem 171.3.3. Flow problem 191.3.4. Time discretization 191.3.5. Stiffness matrix 201.4. Application 201.4.1. Suction caissons 201.4.2. Problem description 221.4.3. Tension loading 261.4.4. Lateral loading 371.5. Conclusion and perspectives 471.5.1. Conclusion 471.5.2. Perspectives 481.6. References 49Chapter 2. DEM Approach for the Modeling of Geotechnical Structures in Interaction with Reinforcements 55Pascal VILLARD2.1. Introduction 55                                                 2.2. Discrete modeling 562.2.1. General concepts of the discrete modeling approach 562.2.2. Specific interaction between discrete particles and reinforcement elements 592.2.3. Numerical strategy for geotechnical structure modelling using DEM 612.3. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with rigid piles 612.3.1. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles 642.3.2. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles under cyclic loadings 712.4. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with flexible and deformable reinforcement – comparison with experiment results 762.4.1. Numerical and experimental behavior of geosynthetic tubes filled with granular material 782.4.2. Numerical and experimental behavior of granular embankments reinforced with geosynthetic in areas prone to subsidence 872.5. Conclusion 962.6. References 96Chapter 3. SSI Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Problems Using a Finite Difference Method 101Daniel DIAS and Orianne JENCK3.1. Introduction 1013.2. The finite difference method using an explicit scheme 1023.3. Application of the finite difference method to soil–structure interaction problems 1043.3.1. Structural elements 1053.3.2. Interfaces 1073.3.3. Constitutive models for soil 1083.3.4. Dimension of the problem 1113.3.5. Monotonic, quasi-static cyclic and dynamic loadings 1123.4. Some application examples in the geotechnical engineering field 1123.4.1. Reinforced retaining walls 1123.4.2. Tunneling 1153.4.3. Soft soil improvement using vertical rigid piles 1213.5. Conclusion 1383.6. References 139Chapter 4. Macroelements for Soil–Structure Interaction 143Diana SALCIARINI, Stéphane GRANGE, Claudio TAMAGNINI and Panagiotis KOTRONIS4.1. Introduction 1434.2. The concept of generalized forces: Eurocode 8 recommendations 1454.3. Macroelements for shallow foundations 1484.3.1. Generalities 1484.3.2. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hardening elastoplasticity 1504.3.3. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hypoplasticity 1514.4. The considered macroelements 1544.4.1. The elastoplastic macroelement 1544.4.2. The hypoplastic macroelement 1564.5. Case study: seismic response of a reinforced concrete viaduct 1604.5.1. Features of the viaduct 1604.5.2. The finite element model of the viaduct and its foundations 1614.5.3. Seismic input 1634.6. Calibration of the macroelements 1644.7. Results of the numerical simulations 1674.7.1. Forces and displacements in the structural elements 1674.7.2. Displacements of the abutment and the foundations 1704.8. Concluding remarks 1724.9. References 175Chapter 5. Urban Seismology: Experimental Approach to Soil–Structure Interaction Towards the Concept of Meta-city 181Philippe GUÉGUEN, Philippe ROUX and Andrea COLOMBI5.1. Introduction 1815.1.1. Observation of soil–structure interaction under weak and strong seismic loading 1835.1.2. Contamination of urban seismic motion by the vibration of buildings 1965.1.3. Conclusion 2025.2. References 203List of Authors 211Index 213

Stephane Grange is a Professor at the INSA in Lyon, France, and Director of the GEOMAS Civil Engineering Laboratory. His research focuses on the dynamic behavior of structures in interaction with their environment.Diana Salciarini is Associate Professor at the University of Perugia, Italy. Her research topics include: the analysis of soil-structure interaction phenomena under dynamic loading conditions, and coupled problems in geo-structure behavior under thermal cycles.

• Introduction ixChapter 1. Hydro-mechanically Coupled Interface Finite Element for the Modeling of Soil–Structure Interactions: Application to Offshore Constructions 1Benjamin CERFONTAINE and Robert CHARLIER1.1. Introduction 21.1.1. The finite element method (FEM) 21.1.2. Review of existing contact formulations 31.1.3. Objectives 71.2. Governing equations of the interface problem 71.2.1 .Mechanical problem 81.2.2. Flow problem 121.2.3. Couplings between mechanical and flow problems 151.3. Numerical formulation of the element 161.3.1. Space and fluid pressure discretization 161.3.2. Mechanical problem 171.3.3. Flow problem 191.3.4. Time discretization 191.3.5. Stiffness matrix 201.4. Application 201.4.1. Suction caissons 201.4.2. Problem description 221.4.3. Tension loading 261.4.4. Lateral loading 371.5. Conclusion and perspectives 471.5.1. Conclusion 471.5.2. Perspectives 481.6. References 49Chapter 2. DEM Approach for the Modeling of Geotechnical Structures in Interaction with Reinforcements 55Pascal VILLARD2.1. Introduction 55                                                 2.2. Discrete modeling 562.2.1. General concepts of the discrete modeling approach 562.2.2. Specific interaction between discrete particles and reinforcement elements 592.2.3. Numerical strategy for geotechnical structure modelling using DEM 612.3. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with rigid piles 612.3.1. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles 642.3.2. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles under cyclic loadings 712.4. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with flexible and deformable reinforcement – comparison with experiment results 762.4.1. Numerical and experimental behavior of geosynthetic tubes filled with granular material 782.4.2. Numerical and experimental behavior of granular embankments reinforced with geosynthetic in areas prone to subsidence 872.5. Conclusion 962.6. References 96Chapter 3. SSI Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Problems Using a Finite Difference Method 101Daniel DIAS and Orianne JENCK3.1. Introduction 1013.2. The finite difference method using an explicit scheme 1023.3. Application of the finite difference method to soil–structure interaction problems 1043.3.1. Structural elements 1053.3.2. Interfaces 1073.3.3. Constitutive models for soil 1083.3.4. Dimension of the problem 1113.3.5. Monotonic, quasi-static cyclic and dynamic loadings 1123.4. Some application examples in the geotechnical engineering field 1123.4.1. Reinforced retaining walls 1123.4.2. Tunneling 1153.4.3. Soft soil improvement using vertical rigid piles 1213.5. Conclusion 1383.6. References 139Chapter 4. Macroelements for Soil–Structure Interaction 143Diana SALCIARINI, Stéphane GRANGE, Claudio TAMAGNINI and Panagiotis KOTRONIS4.1. Introduction 1434.2. The concept of generalized forces: Eurocode 8 recommendations 1454.3. Macroelements for shallow foundations 1484.3.1. Generalities 1484.3.2. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hardening elastoplasticity 1504.3.3. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hypoplasticity 1514.4. The considered macroelements 1544.4.1. The elastoplastic macroelement 1544.4.2. The hypoplastic macroelement 1564.5. Case study: seismic response of a reinforced concrete viaduct 1604.5.1. Features of the viaduct 1604.5.2. The finite element model of the viaduct and its foundations 1614.5.3. Seismic input 1634.6. Calibration of the macroelements 1644.7. Results of the numerical simulations 1674.7.1. Forces and displacements in the structural elements 1674.7.2. Displacements of the abutment and the foundations 1704.8. Concluding remarks 1724.9. References 175Chapter 5. Urban Seismology: Experimental Approach to Soil–Structure Interaction Towards the Concept of Meta-city 181Philippe GUÉGUEN, Philippe ROUX and Andrea COLOMBI5.1. Introduction 1815.1.1. Observation of soil–structure interaction under weak and strong seismic loading 1835.1.2. Contamination of urban seismic motion by the vibration of buildings 1965.1.3. Conclusion 2025.2. References 203List of Authors 211Index 213

Stephane Grange is a Professor at the INSA in Lyon, France, and Director of the GEOMAS Civil Engineering Laboratory. His research focuses on the dynamic behavior of structures in interaction with their environment.Diana Salciarini is Associate Professor at the University of Perugia, Italy. Her research topics include: the analysis of soil-structure interaction phenomena under dynamic loading conditions, and coupled problems in geo-structure behavior under thermal cycles.

• Introduction ixChapter 1. Hydro-mechanically Coupled Interface Finite Element for the Modeling of Soil–Structure Interactions: Application to Offshore Constructions 1Benjamin CERFONTAINE and Robert CHARLIER1.1. Introduction 21.1.1. The finite element method (FEM) 21.1.2. Review of existing contact formulations 31.1.3. Objectives 71.2. Governing equations of the interface problem 71.2.1 .Mechanical problem 81.2.2. Flow problem 121.2.3. Couplings between mechanical and flow problems 151.3. Numerical formulation of the element 161.3.1. Space and fluid pressure discretization 161.3.2. Mechanical problem 171.3.3. Flow problem 191.3.4. Time discretization 191.3.5. Stiffness matrix 201.4. Application 201.4.1. Suction caissons 201.4.2. Problem description 221.4.3. Tension loading 261.4.4. Lateral loading 371.5. Conclusion and perspectives 471.5.1. Conclusion 471.5.2. Perspectives 481.6. References 49Chapter 2. DEM Approach for the Modeling of Geotechnical Structures in Interaction with Reinforcements 55Pascal VILLARD2.1. Introduction 55                                                 2.2. Discrete modeling 562.2.1. General concepts of the discrete modeling approach 562.2.2. Specific interaction between discrete particles and reinforcement elements 592.2.3. Numerical strategy for geotechnical structure modelling using DEM 612.3. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with rigid piles 612.3.1. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles 642.3.2. Load transfer mechanisms within granular embankments over a network of piles under cyclic loadings 712.4. Application of the DEM to geotechnical structures in interaction with flexible and deformable reinforcement – comparison with experiment results 762.4.1. Numerical and experimental behavior of geosynthetic tubes filled with granular material 782.4.2. Numerical and experimental behavior of granular embankments reinforced with geosynthetic in areas prone to subsidence 872.5. Conclusion 962.6. References 96Chapter 3. SSI Analysis in Geotechnical Engineering Problems Using a Finite Difference Method 101Daniel DIAS and Orianne JENCK3.1. Introduction 1013.2. The finite difference method using an explicit scheme 1023.3. Application of the finite difference method to soil–structure interaction problems 1043.3.1. Structural elements 1053.3.2. Interfaces 1073.3.3. Constitutive models for soil 1083.3.4. Dimension of the problem 1113.3.5. Monotonic, quasi-static cyclic and dynamic loadings 1123.4. Some application examples in the geotechnical engineering field 1123.4.1. Reinforced retaining walls 1123.4.2. Tunneling 1153.4.3. Soft soil improvement using vertical rigid piles 1213.5. Conclusion 1383.6. References 139Chapter 4. Macroelements for Soil–Structure Interaction 143Diana SALCIARINI, Stéphane GRANGE, Claudio TAMAGNINI and Panagiotis KOTRONIS4.1. Introduction 1434.2. The concept of generalized forces: Eurocode 8 recommendations 1454.3. Macroelements for shallow foundations 1484.3.1. Generalities 1484.3.2. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hardening elastoplasticity 1504.3.3. Macroelements formulated in the framework of hypoplasticity 1514.4. The considered macroelements 1544.4.1. The elastoplastic macroelement 1544.4.2. The hypoplastic macroelement 1564.5. Case study: seismic response of a reinforced concrete viaduct 1604.5.1. Features of the viaduct 1604.5.2. The finite element model of the viaduct and its foundations 1614.5.3. Seismic input 1634.6. Calibration of the macroelements 1644.7. Results of the numerical simulations 1674.7.1. Forces and displacements in the structural elements 1674.7.2. Displacements of the abutment and the foundations 1704.8. Concluding remarks 1724.9. References 175Chapter 5. Urban Seismology: Experimental Approach to Soil–Structure Interaction Towards the Concept of Meta-city 181Philippe GUÉGUEN, Philippe ROUX and Andrea COLOMBI5.1. Introduction 1815.1.1. Observation of soil–structure interaction under weak and strong seismic loading 1835.1.2. Contamination of urban seismic motion by the vibration of buildings 1965.1.3. Conclusion 2025.2. References 203List of Authors 211Index 213