Michael Greenhalgh, PhD (1968), Emeritus Professor of Art History at the Australian National University, has published widely on the survival of the Roman world, most recently The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman landscape of North Africa (Leiden 2014).

• ContentsPrefaceMap of FranceIntroduction: Heritage and Identity in 19th Century France 1 The Early Architecture of France Spolia and the Persistence of Re-usePrehistoric Antiquities Roman Sites in France Rome in Imperial Decline After Antiquity Conclusion: Preventable Destruction 2 The Defence of France The Enceintes of Late Antiquity Old Fortifications Cannot Satisfy New Requirements New Requirements: Barracks Le genie de la destruction: The French Military and the Defence of France Servitude et grandeur militaires – and boulevards The Genie in North Africa Conclusion: The Fate of Town Walls and Monuments 3 Technology and Change: Improved Communications Railways Map-making Military and Civil Roads, Canals and Bridges Photography Tourism Conclusion 4 Vandalism, Ignorance, Scholarship, Museums Heritage and Destruction Vandalism Preservation, Conservation, Restoration: The Dilemma Destruction, Resurrection and Vandalism Ignorance: Workmen, Administrators, Proprietors Administration and Destruction The Persistence of Vandalism Money, Speculators, Scholars Conclusion 5 The Organisation of Scholarship and Museums Archaeology and Archaeologists Cataloguing the Past: Censuses of Antiquities Conclusion6 Modernity and its Architectural Consequences Modernity Communications and Industry Modernisation and Destruction Bordeaux and Paris: Leaders of the Pack Conclusion 7 The Île de France and Champagne Beauvais, Evreux, Reims, Laon, Sens, Soissons Conclusion 8 Normandy, the North, Burgundy and Points East Normandy and The Loire The North The East Burgundy (plus Points East and the Upper Rhone Valley) Conclusion 9 Centre and West Bourges, Auxerre, Orleans, Limoges, Clermont Ferrand, Perigueux, Poitiers, Saintes, Toulouse Conclusion 10 Centuries of Destruction: Narbonne and Nîmes Narbonne Nimes Conclusion 11 Provence and the South: Monumental Losses ArlesAix-en-Provence, Avignon, Dax, St-Lizier, Beziers, Perpignan, Frejus – Cannes – Antibes – Villefranche, Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine ConclusionConclusion: Heritage? What Heritage? The Transformation of Townscape and LandscapeAppendixBibliography: SourcesBibliography: Modern ScholarsIndexIllustrations

Michael Greenhalgh, PhD (1968), Emeritus Professor of Art History at the Australian National University, has published widely on the survival of the Roman world, most recently The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman landscape of North Africa (Leiden 2014).

• ContentsPrefaceMap of FranceIntroduction: Heritage and Identity in 19th Century France 1 The Early Architecture of France Spolia and the Persistence of Re-usePrehistoric Antiquities Roman Sites in France Rome in Imperial Decline After Antiquity Conclusion: Preventable Destruction 2 The Defence of France The Enceintes of Late Antiquity Old Fortifications Cannot Satisfy New Requirements New Requirements: Barracks Le genie de la destruction: The French Military and the Defence of France Servitude et grandeur militaires – and boulevards The Genie in North Africa Conclusion: The Fate of Town Walls and Monuments 3 Technology and Change: Improved Communications Railways Map-making Military and Civil Roads, Canals and Bridges Photography Tourism Conclusion 4 Vandalism, Ignorance, Scholarship, Museums Heritage and Destruction Vandalism Preservation, Conservation, Restoration: The Dilemma Destruction, Resurrection and Vandalism Ignorance: Workmen, Administrators, Proprietors Administration and Destruction The Persistence of Vandalism Money, Speculators, Scholars Conclusion 5 The Organisation of Scholarship and Museums Archaeology and Archaeologists Cataloguing the Past: Censuses of Antiquities Conclusion6 Modernity and its Architectural Consequences Modernity Communications and Industry Modernisation and Destruction Bordeaux and Paris: Leaders of the Pack Conclusion 7 The Île de France and Champagne Beauvais, Evreux, Reims, Laon, Sens, Soissons Conclusion 8 Normandy, the North, Burgundy and Points East Normandy and The Loire The North The East Burgundy (plus Points East and the Upper Rhone Valley) Conclusion 9 Centre and West Bourges, Auxerre, Orleans, Limoges, Clermont Ferrand, Perigueux, Poitiers, Saintes, Toulouse Conclusion 10 Centuries of Destruction: Narbonne and Nîmes Narbonne Nimes Conclusion 11 Provence and the South: Monumental Losses ArlesAix-en-Provence, Avignon, Dax, St-Lizier, Beziers, Perpignan, Frejus – Cannes – Antibes – Villefranche, Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine ConclusionConclusion: Heritage? What Heritage? The Transformation of Townscape and LandscapeAppendixBibliography: SourcesBibliography: Modern ScholarsIndexIllustrations

Michael Greenhalgh, PhD (1968), Emeritus Professor of Art History at the Australian National University, has published widely on the survival of the Roman world, most recently The Military and Colonial Destruction of the Roman landscape of North Africa (Leiden 2014).

• ContentsPrefaceMap of FranceIntroduction: Heritage and Identity in 19th Century France 1 The Early Architecture of France Spolia and the Persistence of Re-usePrehistoric Antiquities Roman Sites in France Rome in Imperial Decline After Antiquity Conclusion: Preventable Destruction 2 The Defence of France The Enceintes of Late Antiquity Old Fortifications Cannot Satisfy New Requirements New Requirements: Barracks Le genie de la destruction: The French Military and the Defence of France Servitude et grandeur militaires – and boulevards The Genie in North Africa Conclusion: The Fate of Town Walls and Monuments 3 Technology and Change: Improved Communications Railways Map-making Military and Civil Roads, Canals and Bridges Photography Tourism Conclusion 4 Vandalism, Ignorance, Scholarship, Museums Heritage and Destruction Vandalism Preservation, Conservation, Restoration: The Dilemma Destruction, Resurrection and Vandalism Ignorance: Workmen, Administrators, Proprietors Administration and Destruction The Persistence of Vandalism Money, Speculators, Scholars Conclusion 5 The Organisation of Scholarship and Museums Archaeology and Archaeologists Cataloguing the Past: Censuses of Antiquities Conclusion6 Modernity and its Architectural Consequences Modernity Communications and Industry Modernisation and Destruction Bordeaux and Paris: Leaders of the Pack Conclusion 7 The Île de France and Champagne Beauvais, Evreux, Reims, Laon, Sens, Soissons Conclusion 8 Normandy, the North, Burgundy and Points East Normandy and The Loire The North The East Burgundy (plus Points East and the Upper Rhone Valley) Conclusion 9 Centre and West Bourges, Auxerre, Orleans, Limoges, Clermont Ferrand, Perigueux, Poitiers, Saintes, Toulouse Conclusion 10 Centuries of Destruction: Narbonne and Nîmes Narbonne Nimes Conclusion 11 Provence and the South: Monumental Losses ArlesAix-en-Provence, Avignon, Dax, St-Lizier, Beziers, Perpignan, Frejus – Cannes – Antibes – Villefranche, Orange, Vaison-la-Romaine ConclusionConclusion: Heritage? What Heritage? The Transformation of Townscape and LandscapeAppendixBibliography: SourcesBibliography: Modern ScholarsIndexIllustrations