Designing Out Crime

Dr. Mark Stokes served for 33 years as a police officer with West Midlands Police. He has since occupied a number of roles including Consultant with Secured by Design, Visiting Lecturer in Partnership Working at Wolverhampton University, UK, War Crimes Investigator, both DOCO and supervisor with British Transport Police, trainer and assessor at the Police Crime Prevention Academy, Rural and Business Crime Officer for Herefordshire with West Mercia Police, and since 2022 Senior Lecturer on the Police Constable Development Apprenticeship at the University of the West of England, Bristol, UK.

• SECTION A: BACKGROUND.- Chapter 1: Using this handbook.- Chapter 2: Introduction.- Chapter 3: A brief history of Designing Out Crime.- Chapter 4: What’s in a name: Designing Out Crime v. Architectural Liaison/Crime Prevention Design/Design for Security.- Chapter 5: Role of the DOCO – Core Attributes.- SECTION B: DELIVERY OF THE DOC FUNCTION.- Chapter 6: Reading Plans.- Chapter 7: Health and Safety of the DOCO when surveying sites.- Chapter 8: Site Surveys and Inspections.- Chapter 9: Writing the Report: the ‘Crown Jewels’ of its written presentation.- SECTION C: CPTED.- Physical Security ‘Target Hardening’ Measures.- Chapter 10: Doors and Door Security.- Chapter 11: Windows and Glazing.- Chapter 12: Perimeter Security.- Chapter 13: Defensive Planting.- Technological Innovations.- Chapter 14: Lighting.- Chapter 15: Intruder Alarms.- Chapter 16: CCTV.- Environmental Elements.- Chapter 17: Defensible Space.- Chapter 18: Natural Surveillance.- Chapter 19: Territoriality.- 20. Image and Mileu.- 21. Geographical juxtaposition.- 22. Permeability.- SECTION D: SECURED BY DESIGN (SBD).- 23.a. Introduction.- 23.b. History to date.- 23.c. SBD – Development guides and publications.- 23.d. SBD – Homes 2023.- 23.e. SBD – Sheltered accommodation.- 23.f. SBD – Commercial Guide 2023.- 23.g. SBD – Self build.- 23.h. SBD – New schools 2014.- 23.i. SBD – Hospitals 2005.- 23.j. SBD – Safer tram stop award.- 23.k. SBD – Construction site security guide 2021.- 23.l. SBD – Secure Environments – risk management award.- 23.m. SBD – Youth shelters and sports systems.- 23.n. SBD – ‘Park Mark’ safer parking scheme.- 23.o. SBD – Secure stations scheme.- 23.p. SBD – Protect UK – Advice and guidance.- 23.q. Cycle Association, Sustrans & SBD – Cycle parking and security standards.- 23.r. Specialist and supported housing schemes.- 23.s. PCPI security guides in support of the Safer Streets Fund.- 23.t. SBD – Technical guides.- 23.u. SBD – Application forms.- 23.v. SBD – Appeals.- SECTION E: OTHER DESIGN GUIDES.- 24. Domestic violence sanctuary rooms.- 25. ‘Leaking’ culs-de-sac.- 26. Alleygating.- 27. Closure of rights of way on grounds of crime and public space protection orders.- 28. Home zones and shared space.- 29. Bus shelters.- 30. Place of worship safety and security.- 31. Rural crime.- 32. Doctors’ surgeries, pharmacies and health centres.- 33. Shopfront security.- 34. ATMs (Automatic teller/ cashpoint machines).- 35. Parks and open spaces.- 36. Public conveniences (Toilets).- 37. Pedestrian subways.- 38. Retail parks, business parks and industrial estates.- 39. Pedestrianisation of town and city centres.- 40. Counter terrorism design.- .- SECTION F: PLANNING INTERVENTIONS.- .- 41. National Planning Policy Framework.- 42. Safer Places: the Planning System and Crime Prevention.- 43. Design and Access Statements.- 44. Supplementary Planning Guidance.- 45. Planning Appeal Judgements.- 46. Appearing before Planning Hearings, Public Inquiries, Inquests, etc..- SECTION G: ADDITIONAL CONSIDERATIONS.- 47. Legal Liability.- 48. Environmental Crime.- a. Graffiti.- b. Fly-posting.- c. Fly-tipping.- d. Abandoned Vehicles.- e. Excessive Noise.- 49. Good Housekeeping Measures.- SECTION H: EVIDENCE FROM CRIME SCIENCE.- 50. Crime Displacement and Diffusion of Benefits.- 51. Routine Activity Theory.- 52. Crime Opportunity.- 53. Rational Choice Theory.- 54. Environmental Criminology and Crime Pattern Theory.- 55. Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity.- 56. The 5Is.- 57. Environmental Cues.- 58. Hot-Spots and Tipping Points.- 59. Space Syntax.- 60. The Carbon Cost of Crime.- 61. Symbolic (Psychological) Barriers.- 62. The Value of Signage and Notices: it pays to advertise.- 63. Problem-solving, Problem-Oriented Policing and Partnerships.- 64. Intervention Sustainability Spectrum.- SECTION I: THE GOOD PRACTICE CASE EXAMPLES.- 65. The Four Towers at Duddeston Manor, Nechells, Birmingham.- 66. Brindleyplace: City Centre Commercial, Retail and Leisure Complex.- 67. Cottesbrooke Infant School, Acocks Green.- 68. The Village Surgery Cheswick Green.- 69. Christchurch Bus Interchange, New Zealand.- 70. Burlington Hotel Entrance, Birmingham.- 71. DryTown Water Park, Palmdale, California.- 72. Washington Square Park, New York.- 73. Piccadilly Gardens, Manchester.- 74. Reitland Park Tram Station, Amsterdam.- 75. Edgbaston Cricket Ground, Birmingham.- 76. Zero Carbon House, Balsall Heath.- 77. Marie Curie Hospice, West Midlands.- SECTION J: AND TO CONCLUDE.- 78. The Future of Designing Out Crime.- 79. Suggested Reading Glossary.- Appendices.- A. Garage Forecourt Bilking, Crime Prevention/Reduction Matrix.- B. Cannabis Farms, Crime Prevention/ Reduction Matrix.- C. Car-Key Burglary, Crime Prevention/Reduction Matrix.- D. Cash/Valuables in Transit (C/ViT) Crime Prevention/Reduction Matrix.- E. Metal Theft, Crime Prevention/ Reduction Matrix.- F. Night Time Economy, Crime Prevention/Reduction Matrix.- G. Serious Acquisitive Crime, Crime Prevention/Reduction Matrix.- H. Violent Crime, Crime Prevention/ Reduction Matrix.- I. West Midlands Arson Task Force Poster.- J. Domestic Violence Sanctuary Rooms Poster.- K. Edgbaston Cricket Ground Poster.

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