Designing cdma2000 Systems

Leonhard Korowajczuk – CelPlan Technologies, Inc.He graduated from the Universidale Federal do Rio de Janeiro in 1969, and has 34 years experience in the telecommunications R&D field. Previous experience include ITT telecommunication engineering departments (Brazil, England, Belgium and Spain). He was one of the founders of the Brazilian Telecommunications Research Center (Telebras-CPqD), Switching department manager and wireless division director at Elebra Telecomunicações/Alcatel, CEO and CTO of CellPlan Technologies, Inc., and also one of its founders in 1992. Was responsible for the design and deployment of wireless networks as early as 1988 and headed the team that developed an advanced MTSO and base station for Comsat-Plexsys from 1993 to 1996. Since then he has led the development of the family of planning and design tools provided by CellPlan Technologies, Inc. Holds several patents in the telecom field and is a member of IEEE. Bruno de Souza Abreu Xavier – CelTec Technologia de Telecomunicações. Ltda.Telecommunications and RF engineers; he graduated as electrical engineer from the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG) in 1996 and did MS from the University of Campinas (UNICAMP), researching on land-satellite CDMA performance analysis. He is responsible for the design of several wireless networks in South America and for training classes on planning, deployment and commissioning of wireless equipment infrastructure.Arlindo Moreita Fartes Filho – CelTec Technologia de Telecomunicações. Ltda.Senior systems engineer; graduated as an electrical engineer from the University of Campinas (UNICAMP) in 1975 and completed MS in 1978. He has several years experience in the telecommunications R&D field, covering system specifications and software, He participated in the design and development of several telecom equipments (hardware and software). He planned and supervised the design of nationwide telecommunication networks, covering transmission, switching and wireless elements.Dr. Leila Zurba Ribeiro – CelPlan Technologies, Inc.Director of Systems Engineering at CelPlan Technologies, Inc.; she received her Ph.D. in Electrical engineering from Virginia Tech in May 2003. She joined CelPlan Technologies, Inc., in 1993, and her work experience includes the design, traffic dimensioning and optimization of wireless communication systems in several countries. She has also taught graduate courses as an adjunct professor at the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of George Mason University. She is a member of IEEE.Cristine Korowajczuk – CelPlan Technologies, Inc.She graduated in 1999 in computer engineering from PUCC (Pontificia Universidade Católica de Campinas), and has more than 10 years experience in the wireless field with CelTec and CelPlan. She has designed and optimized several wireless networks covering all main technologies. She is responsible for customer support, documentation and training at CelPlan Technologies, Inc.Dr. Luiz A. DaSilva – Virginia TechHe joined Virginia Tech as an assistant professor at the Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 1998, after receiving his Ph.D. in electrical engineering at the University of Kansas. He has previously worked for IBM for six years. His research interests currently focus on performance and resource management in wireless mobile networks and Quality of Service (QoS) issues. He is a member of the Center for Wireless Communications (CWT) and associated faculty at the Mobile and Personal Radio Group (MPRG) at Virginia Tech. He is a senior member of IEEE and a member of ASEE.

• Preface xiiiAcknowledgements xvAbout the Authors xvii1 Introduction to Spread Spectrum Systems 11.1 Multiple Access Techniques 11.2 The Spread Spectrum Concept 21.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques 51.3.1 Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum 51.3.2 Direct-Sequence Spectrum Spreading 61.4 Processing Gain P G 81.4.1 Processing Gain in Frequency-Hopping Systems 91.4.2 Processing Gain for Direct-Sequence Systems 101.5 Spreading and De-spreading of the DS-CDMA Signal 10Bibliography and References 142 CDMA Evolution 152.1 CDMA Standards and Evolution 152.1.1 Third Generation Systems Structure 212.2 CDMA Timeline 272.3 Evolution of CDMA Standards 302.3.1 Is- 95 302.3.2 cdma 2000 342.3.3 cdma2000-1X EVDO Systems 422.3.4 cdma2000-1X EVDV Systems 45Bibliography and References 493 Codes and Sequences 513.1 Introduction 513.2 Maximal Length Sequences 523.2.1 Correlation Characteristics of Spread Spectrum Systems 553.2.2 Short PN Sequences (PN-I and PN-Q) 593.2.3 Long Code or PNLC (Long PN Sequence) 613.3 Walsh Sequences 633.3.1 Walsh Codes in Multiplexing and Spectrum Spreading 683.3.2 Walsh Codes in IS-95 Systems 713.3.3 Walsh Codes in cdma2000 Systems 733.4 Quasi-Orthogonal Function 73Bibliography and References 754 Forward Link Channels 774.1 Forward Link Channel Structure in IS-95 CDMA Systems 774.1.1 Phase, Quadrature and Carrier Modulation 774.1.2 Forward Pilot Channel 804.1.3 Synchronisation Channel 814.1.4 Forward Paging Channels 864.1.5 Forward Traffic Channels 934.2 Forward Link Channel Structure in cdma2000 Systems 1104.2.1 Forward Pilot Channels 1114.2.2 Synchronisation Channel 1154.2.3 Forward Paging Channels 1224.2.4 Forward Common Control Channel 1254.2.5 Forward Broadcast Control Channel (BCCh or FBCCh) 1374.2.6 Quick Paging Channel 1414.2.7 Common Power Control Channel (CPCCh) 1444.2.8 Common Assignment Channel (CACh) 1494.2.9 Forward Fundamental Channel 1524.2.10 Forward Dedicated Control Channel 1634.2.11 Forward Supplemental Channel 1674.2.12 Forward Supplemental Code Channel 180Bibliography and References 1855 Reverse Link Channels 1875.1 CDMA IS-95 Reverse Link Channel Structure 1875.1.1 Reverse Traffic Channel (RTCh) 1875.1.2 Reverse Access Channel 2035.2 cdma2000 Reverse Link Channel Structures 2075.2.1 Reverse Pilot Channel (RPiCh) 2075.2.2 Reverse Access Channel (RACh) 2145.2.3 Enhanced Access Channels (EACh) 2155.2.4 Reverse Common Control Channels (RCCCh) 2205.2.5 Reverse Fundamental Channel 2235.2.6 Reverse Dedicated Control Channels (RDCChs) 2285.2.7 Reverse Supplemental Channels (RSCh) 2305.2.8 Reverse Supplemental Code Channels (RSCCh) 234Bibliography and References 2366 Call Processing in CDMA Systems 2396.1 Introduction 2396.2 Call Processing 2396.2.1 Mobile Station Initialisation State 2416.2.2 Mobile Station Idle State 2486.2.3 System Access State 2536.2.4 Mobile Station Control in the Traffic Channel State 2626.3 Messages Exchanged during Call Establishment 2676.3.1 MS Originated Call Scenario 2676.3.2 MS Terminated Call Scenario 2676.3.3 Call Processing Scenario During Soft Handoff 2706.3.4 Priority Access and Channel Assignment Procedure 2706.4 Registration 2716.4.1 System Zones 2716.4.2 User Zones 2726.5 Roaming 2736.6 The Authentication Process 2746.6.1 Air Interface Parameters 2746.6.2 Secure Parameters 2786.6.3 Cellular Algorithms for Validation and Encryption 2806.6.4 The Authentication Process 281Bibliography and References 2907 Power Control, Handoff and Radio Resource Management 2917.1 Introduction 2917.1.1 Overview of Power Control in CDMA IS-95 Systems 2937.1.2 Overview of Power Control in cdma2000 Systems 2937.2 Main Characteristics of Power Control in the System Access State 2947.2.1 Power Control in the System Access State for CDMA IS-95 Systems 2987.2.2 Power Control in the System Access State for cdma2000 Systems 2997.3 Power Control in Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State 3067.3.1 Power Control in Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State for CDMA IS-95 Systems 3067.3.2 Power Control in Mobile Station Control on the Traffic Channel State for cdma2000 Systems 3127.4 Introduction to Handoff Processes 3177.5 Maintenance of Pilot Sets 3187.5.1 Handoff Process Example for CDMA IS-95 systems 3247.5.2 Handoff Process for cdma2000 Systems 3267.6 Handoff Types 3297.6.1 Soft Handoff 3297.6.2 Hard Handoff 3337.6.3 CDMA-to-Analogue Handoff 3357.6.4 Analogue-to-CDMA Hard Handoff Process 3377.6.5 Idle Handoff 3377.6.6 Access Handoff and Access Probe Handoff 3377.6.7 Softer Handoff 3387.7 Introduction to Radio Resource Management 3397.7.1 Logical Channels General Configuration Characteristics 3407.7.2 Possible Walsh Code Allocation Conflicts 3437.7.3 RF Engineering for Data Users 345Bibliography and References 3498 EVDO and EVDV 3518.1 EVDO Requirements (IS-856) 3518.1.1 General Requirements 3528.1.2 Data Rate Requirements 3528.1.3 Radio Environment Requirements 3528.1.4 Inter-operability Support Requirements 3548.1.5 Authentication Support Requirements 3548.2 EVDV Requirements (R.S0026) 3558.2.1 General Requirements 3558.2.2 Data Rate Requirements 3568.2.3 Radio Environment Requirements 3578.2.4 Compatibility Requirements 3578.2.5 Inter-operability Support Requirements 3578.3 EVDO Reference Model 3578.3.1 Architecture Reference Model 3578.3.2 Protocols 3588.3.3 CDMA System Time 3948.3.4 Synchronisation and Timing 3968.4 Channel Structure 3978.4.1 Reverse Link Channels 3998.4.2 Forward Link Channels 4238.5 Air Interface Encoding 4388.5.1 Frame Check Sum 4388.5.2 Turbo Encoding 4408.5.3 Channel Interleaving 4448.5.4 Access Terminal Common Short-Code PN Sequences 4468.5.5 Long Codes 4468.6 Modulation/Encoding 4478.6.1 Orthogonal Encoding 4478.6.2 Bi-orthogonal Encoding 4478.6.3 64-ary Encoding 4488.6.4 Symbol Modulation 4488.7 Power Control 4508.7.1 Open-Loop Estimation 4538.7.2 Closed-Loop Correction 4568.8 Scheduling 4578.8.1 Throughput Optimisation 4588.8.2 Spectral Efficiency 4598.8.3 Re-transmission Algorithm (HARQ) 461Bibliography and References 4679 Radio Network Engineering Fundamentals 4699.1 Design Principles 4699.1.1 Communication Channel Capacity 4719.1.2 Technology Performance 4789.2 CDMA Equipment Block Diagram 4799.2.1 Network Block Diagram Description 4829.3 Transmit Stage 5069.3.1 Source Coding 5069.3.2 Multiplexing and Multiple Access in DS-CDMA 5139.3.3 Modulator and Coder 5399.3.4 Power Amplifier (PA) and Combiner 5539.3.5 Transmission Line 5599.3.6 Transmit Antenna 5679.4 Channel 5819.4.1 Radio Frequency (RF) Propagation 5819.4.2 RF Propagation Predictions 6099.4.3 Signal, Noise and Interference as seen by the Receive Stage 6679.5 Link Management 6799.5.1 Handoff 6799.5.2 Power Control 6869.5.3 Resource Management 6899.6 Receive Stage 6909.6.1 Receive Antenna 6909.6.2 Reception (Rx) Line 6909.6.3 Receiver 6939.6.4 Demodulator and Decoder 6969.6.5 Source Decoding 728Bibliography and References 73010 Network Design 73310.1 Network Design Flow 73310.1.1 Service and Market Definition 73310.1.2 Demand Characterisation 73310.1.3 CAPEX and OPEX 73510.1.4 Coverage Design and Propagation Characterisation 73510.1.5 Network Enhancement 73510.1.6 Network Parameter Planning 73510.1.7 Service Simulation and Network Dimensioning 73610.1.8 Dimensioning 73610.1.9 Relationship Matrix 73610.1.10 Resource Planning 73610.1.11 Quality Performance Analysis 73610.1.12 Performance Comparison 73710.1.13 Performance 73710.2 Databases 73710.2.1 GIS Database 73710.2.2 Network Databases 75710.3 Regions Database 75810.4 Service Classes 75810.4.1 Service Type 75910.4.2 Mobile Terminal Type 76210.4.3 Environment 76310.5 User Distribution 76510.5.1 Demographics 76510.5.2 Switch Traffic Date 77010.5.3 Multiple Traffic Layers 77110.6 Link Budget 77610.6.1 Reverse Link Budget for Voice 77610.6.2 Forward Link Budget for Voice 78710.6.3 Link Balance 79510.6.4 3G Voice and Data Networks 79510.7 Signal Strength Predictions 81810.8 Call Placement Simulation 81810.8.1 Call Placement Simulation Types 82010.9 Composite Predictions 82110.10 Network Enhancement 83810.11 Network Optimisation 83910.12 Network Performance 83910.13 Conclusion 841Bibliography and References 84111 Traffic Dimensioning 84311.1 Introduction 84311.2 Demand Characterisation 84411.2.1 Market and Product Definition 84511.2.2 Traffic Modelling 84911.2.3 Geographical Traffic Characterisation 85911.3 Traffic Simulation 87211.3.1 Traffic Simulation Input 87311.3.2 Reproducing Traffic Offered to the System 88011.3.3 Simulating System Operation 88211.3.4 The Dimensioning Loop 88611.4 Performance Analysis 88811.5 Summary 893Appendix A - Link Load and Noise Rise 894Appendix B - Capacity Dependence on User Mix 897Bibliography and References 898Acronyms 901Index 909