Democracy and Its Enemies in Europe

Joanna Rak is Associate Professor of Political Sciences at Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznań, Poland.Roman Bäcker is Professor of Political Sciences at Nicolaus Copernicus University, Toruń, Poland.

• Part 1: Introduction 1. Theorising Successes and Failures of Enemies Threatening Empowered Political Nations 2. Theoretical Perspectives on Enemies of Democracy: Navigating the Battlefield 3. From Banning Paramilitary Groups to Banning Social Media Profiles: Enemies of Democracy and Four Generations of Militant Democratic Means Part 2: Militant Democracy and Its Enemies 4. Fascism as a Phenomenon of Political Modernism and Totalitarian Democracy 5. How Authoritarian Actors Create a Democratic Regime: The Evolution of Franco’s Spain from Fascist Roots to Militant Democracy 6. From Weimar Democracy to Totalitarianism: How the NSDAP’s Social Mobilisation and Elite Elimination Paved the Way for Nazi Victory 7. Why Did European Terrorists Fail in the Twentieth Century? The Traditional Enemies of Democracy and Their Struggle for Political Relevance 8. Strategy and Resilience of Democratic Actors in Interwar Czechoslovakia: Enemies of Democracy Part 3: Neo- and Cyber Militant Democracy and Their Enemies 9. Russia’s Political Deep Structures as the Inherent Enemy of Democracy: Chronicle of a Death Foretold in Terms of Systems Analysis 10. Nation and Sovereignty under the Hungarian Fundamental Law of 2011 11. Hybrid Interference at the Polish-Belarusian Border in 2021: Explaining the Success of Destabilisation Efforts 12. Why Do Electoral Meddlers Fail to Succeed in Estonia? Explaining Resilience to Interference in Democracy 13. Extreme Populist Parties and the Presidentialisation of Politics as a New Threat to the Fifth French Republic’s Constitutional Order Part 4: Conclusions 14. Confronting Old and New Enemies: The Evolution from Militant to Cyber Militant Democracy