Christopher F. Karpowitz is an Associate Professor of Political Science and the Co-Director of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy at Brigham Young University, Utah. He is a co-author of The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions (2014) and of Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation, and What We Can Do about It (2005). He has published in a variety of journals, including the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, Public Opinion Quarterly, the British Journal of Political Science, Perspectives on Politics, Political Communication, Politics and Society, PS: Political Science and Politics, and the Journal of Public Deliberation. Prior to joining Brigham Young University, he was a postdoctoral fellow in democracy and human values at Princeton University's Center for Human Values. Chad Raphael is a Professor of Communication at Santa Clara University, California. He is the author of Investigated Reporting: Muckrakers, Regulators, and the Struggle over Television Documentary (2005), which won the Frank Luther Mott-Kappa Tau Alpha Research Award for the best book on journalism and mass communication, the Donald McGannon Award for social and ethical relevance in communications policy research, and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication History Division Award for best book. He has published in many journals, including Political Communication, Politics and Society, Communication Law and Policy, Journalism Studies, the Journal of Educational Computing Research, the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, and Games and Culture, and in many edited volumes. He consults for non-profit organizations on their communication strategies and is former chair of the board at the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Before entering academia, he was a community organizer on affordable housing and environmental issues.

• 1. Democratic deliberation in civic forums; Part I. Equality: 2. Enclave deliberation of the disempowered Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael with Allen S. Hammond, IV; 3. Enclave deliberation about the digital divide; Part II. Publicity: 4. Deliberative publicity; 5. Argumentation; 6. Transparency; 7. Strengthening deliberative civic forums.

'On the basis of careful normative argument, attention to practical examples, and empirical evidence, Karpowitz and Raphael derive important lessons for deliberative democracy. They show that discussions in 'enclaves' of similar people can be valuable and how crucial the communication of results of a deliberation are to the broader public.' Peter Levine, Lincoln Filene Professor of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Tufts University, Massachusetts

Christopher F. Karpowitz is an Associate Professor of Political Science and the Co-Director of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy at Brigham Young University, Utah. He is a co-author of The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions (2014) and of Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation, and What We Can Do about It (2005). He has published in a variety of journals, including the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, Public Opinion Quarterly, the British Journal of Political Science, Perspectives on Politics, Political Communication, Politics and Society, PS: Political Science and Politics, and the Journal of Public Deliberation. Prior to joining Brigham Young University, he was a postdoctoral fellow in democracy and human values at Princeton University's Center for Human Values. Chad Raphael is a Professor of Communication at Santa Clara University, California. He is the author of Investigated Reporting: Muckrakers, Regulators, and the Struggle over Television Documentary (2005), which won the Frank Luther Mott-Kappa Tau Alpha Research Award for the best book on journalism and mass communication, the Donald McGannon Award for social and ethical relevance in communications policy research, and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication History Division Award for best book. He has published in many journals, including Political Communication, Politics and Society, Communication Law and Policy, Journalism Studies, the Journal of Educational Computing Research, the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, and Games and Culture, and in many edited volumes. He consults for non-profit organizations on their communication strategies and is former chair of the board at the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Before entering academia, he was a community organizer on affordable housing and environmental issues.

• 1. Democratic deliberation in civic forums; Part I. Equality: 2. Enclave deliberation of the disempowered Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael with Allen S. Hammond, IV; 3. Enclave deliberation about the digital divide; Part II. Publicity: 4. Deliberative publicity; 5. Argumentation; 6. Transparency; 7. Strengthening deliberative civic forums.

'On the basis of careful normative argument, attention to practical examples, and empirical evidence, Karpowitz and Raphael derive important lessons for deliberative democracy. They show that discussions in 'enclaves' of similar people can be valuable and how crucial the communication of results of a deliberation are to the broader public.' Peter Levine, Lincoln Filene Professor of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Tufts University, Massachusetts

Christopher F. Karpowitz is an Associate Professor of Political Science and the Co-Director of the Center for the Study of Elections and Democracy at Brigham Young University, Utah. He is a co-author of The Silent Sex: Gender, Deliberation, and Institutions (2014) and of Democracy at Risk: How Political Choices Undermine Citizen Participation, and What We Can Do about It (2005). He has published in a variety of journals, including the American Political Science Review, the American Journal of Political Science, the Journal of Politics, Public Opinion Quarterly, the British Journal of Political Science, Perspectives on Politics, Political Communication, Politics and Society, PS: Political Science and Politics, and the Journal of Public Deliberation. Prior to joining Brigham Young University, he was a postdoctoral fellow in democracy and human values at Princeton University's Center for Human Values. Chad Raphael is a Professor of Communication at Santa Clara University, California. He is the author of Investigated Reporting: Muckrakers, Regulators, and the Struggle over Television Documentary (2005), which won the Frank Luther Mott-Kappa Tau Alpha Research Award for the best book on journalism and mass communication, the Donald McGannon Award for social and ethical relevance in communications policy research, and the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication History Division Award for best book. He has published in many journals, including Political Communication, Politics and Society, Communication Law and Policy, Journalism Studies, the Journal of Educational Computing Research, the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, and Games and Culture, and in many edited volumes. He consults for non-profit organizations on their communication strategies and is former chair of the board at the Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation and the Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition. Before entering academia, he was a community organizer on affordable housing and environmental issues.

• 1. Democratic deliberation in civic forums; Part I. Equality: 2. Enclave deliberation of the disempowered Christopher F. Karpowitz and Chad Raphael with Allen S. Hammond, IV; 3. Enclave deliberation about the digital divide; Part II. Publicity: 4. Deliberative publicity; 5. Argumentation; 6. Transparency; 7. Strengthening deliberative civic forums.

'On the basis of careful normative argument, attention to practical examples, and empirical evidence, Karpowitz and Raphael derive important lessons for deliberative democracy. They show that discussions in 'enclaves' of similar people can be valuable and how crucial the communication of results of a deliberation are to the broader public.' Peter Levine, Lincoln Filene Professor of Citizenship and Public Affairs, Tufts University, Massachusetts