AHMED AL-RAWI is an assistant professor of news, social media, and public communication at the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He is the director of the Disinformation Project that empirically examines fake news discourses in Canada on social media and news media. Al-Rawi previously worked as a communication officer for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Iraq. He is the author of several books including News 2.0: Journalists, Audiences and News on Social Media.

• Preface and AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 Toward a Theoretical Framework of Cyberwars2 Cyberwars and International Politics3 U.S. Cyberoperations in the Middle East4 Russian Trolls, Islam, and the Middle East5 Cyberwars and Regional Politics6 Arab Hackers and Electronic ArmiesConclusionAppendix: Selected List of Arab Hacking GroupsNotesReferences

"Cyberwars in the Middle East offers a much-needed and astute take on the increasingly crucial role hacking and cyberoperations are playing across the Middle East. With empirical breadth and assiduous attention to detail Al-Rawi documents the multiple forms of 'online political disruption' that have become an inextricable part of the new digital authoritarianism that has arisen in the post-Arab Uprising milieu. A hugely important read."— Marc O. Jones, author of Political Repression in Bahrain

AHMED AL-RAWI is an assistant professor of news, social media, and public communication at the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He is the director of the Disinformation Project that empirically examines fake news discourses in Canada on social media and news media. Al-Rawi previously worked as a communication officer for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Iraq. He is the author of several books including News 2.0: Journalists, Audiences and News on Social Media.

• Preface and AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 Toward a Theoretical Framework of Cyberwars2 Cyberwars and International Politics3 U.S. Cyberoperations in the Middle East4 Russian Trolls, Islam, and the Middle East5 Cyberwars and Regional Politics6 Arab Hackers and Electronic ArmiesConclusionAppendix: Selected List of Arab Hacking GroupsNotesReferences

"Cyberwars in the Middle East offers a much-needed and astute take on the increasingly crucial role hacking and cyberoperations are playing across the Middle East. With empirical breadth and assiduous attention to detail Al-Rawi documents the multiple forms of 'online political disruption' that have become an inextricable part of the new digital authoritarianism that has arisen in the post-Arab Uprising milieu. A hugely important read."— Marc O. Jones, author of Political Repression in Bahrain

AHMED AL-RAWI is an assistant professor of news, social media, and public communication at the School of Communication at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia. He is the director of the Disinformation Project that empirically examines fake news discourses in Canada on social media and news media. Al-Rawi previously worked as a communication officer for the International Committee of the Red Cross in Iraq. He is the author of several books including News 2.0: Journalists, Audiences and News on Social Media.

• Preface and AcknowledgmentsIntroduction1 Toward a Theoretical Framework of Cyberwars2 Cyberwars and International Politics3 U.S. Cyberoperations in the Middle East4 Russian Trolls, Islam, and the Middle East5 Cyberwars and Regional Politics6 Arab Hackers and Electronic ArmiesConclusionAppendix: Selected List of Arab Hacking GroupsNotesReferences

"Cyberwars in the Middle East offers a much-needed and astute take on the increasingly crucial role hacking and cyberoperations are playing across the Middle East. With empirical breadth and assiduous attention to detail Al-Rawi documents the multiple forms of 'online political disruption' that have become an inextricable part of the new digital authoritarianism that has arisen in the post-Arab Uprising milieu. A hugely important read."— Marc O. Jones, author of Political Repression in Bahrain