Cybersecurity and Traceability in Factory 4.0

Patrick Sondi is a professor at IMT Nord Europe, France. He holds a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Valenciennes, France.Valentin Mullet holds a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Littoral Côte d'Opale, France.

• Preface xiList of Acronyms xvList of Figures xixList of Tables xxiiiChapter 1. Challenges Involving Cybersecurity and Traceability in Factory 4.0 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Traceability challenges in Factory 4.0 31.2.1. The volume of data 31.2.2. Transparency 41.2.3. The contribution of blockchain 51.3. Plant overview 61.3.1. Definition of perimeters 61.3.2. Interactions between perimeters 71.3.3. Network perimeters in the factory 71.3.4. Access controls and perimeter monitoring 91.4. Overview of cybersecurity in Industry 4.0 91.5. Vulnerabilities, risks and threats in Industry 4.0 121.5.1. Definitions 121.5.2. Business impacts 141.5.3. Major cybersecurity threats in Industry 4.0 141.5.4. Vulnerabilities, risks and threats by perimeter 171.6. Review of cybersecurity solutions 211.6.1. Definitions 211.6.2. Cybersecurity countermeasures 231.6.3. Proposals for cybersecurity solutions in the literature 241.6.4. Honeypots and digital twins 391.7. Summary of good technical practices in cybersecurity 431.7.1. Trust and integrity 431.7.2. Cloud security 481.7.3. Machine-to-machine safety 481.7.4. Data protection 481.7.5. Software/firmware updates 491.7.6. Access control 491.7.7. Networks, protocols and encryption 491.7.8. Monitoring and auditing 501.7.9. Configuration management 501.8. Industry 4.0, cybersecurity and traceability outlines 501.9. References 52Chapter 2. Global Approach to Traceability for Factory 4.0 572.1. Basic principles 572.1.1. Chain traceability 582.1.2. Internal traceability 592.1.3. Examples of internal traceability 592.1.4. Downstream and upstream traceability 612.1.5. Identification formats 622.1.6. Data collection 642.1.7. Traceability challenges and significance 652.2. Implementation principles 662.2.1. Object flow formalization 672.2.2. Identification 672.2.3. Link/association management 692.3. Regulations, laws and standards 702.3.1. General regulation 702.3.2. Automotive industry regulation 722.3.3. Regulation of food and pharmaceutical industries 742.4. Status of traceability research 802.4.1. Terminology and definitions 802.4.2. Traceability data 812.5. Product-oriented traceability state-of-the-art 822.5.1. Research on product-oriented traceability 822.5.2. Technological innovations in traceability systems 832.6. Proposal for an approach to traceability for Factory 4.0 872.6.1. Product perspective 882.6.2. Traceability data characterization 892.6.3. Challenges of the approach 902.7. Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the contribution 912.8. References 93Chapter 3. Blockchain Integration in Traceability for Factory 4.0 973.1. Blockchain paradigm presentation 973.1.1. Blockchain 993.1.2. Blockchain network 993.1.3. Node 993.1.4. Block 993.1.5. Transaction 1003.1.6. Consensus algorithm 1003.1.7. Smart contract 1003.1.8. Types of implementations and environments 1003.1.9. Examples of consensus algorithms 1013.2. MultiChain blockchain platform 1033.2.1. Features 1033.2.2. Main parameters 1043.2.3. MultiChain JSON API 1053.2.4. Comparison with other blockchain solutions 1053.3. State of blockchain research for Industry 4.0 1183.4. Our approach to blockchain for traceability in Factory 4.0 1203.4.1. Target objectives and guarantees 1203.4.2. Architecture overview 1223.4.3. Data management 1243.4.4. Privacy management 1253.4.5. Non-repudiation management 1263.5. Functional description of the BPCAT MultiChain implementation 1273.5.1. Network architecture and stakeholder representation 1283.5.2. Blockchain and storage management 1293.5.3. Raw traceability data management 1303.5.4. Privacy guaranty 1313.5.5. File management 1333.5.6. Data signing 1343.5.7. Data integrity verification 1363.6. Technical challenges to be addressed and proposed solutions 1383.6.1. Mining and energy consumption 1383.6.2. Storage volume optimization 1383.7. BPCAT MultiChain implementation technical description 1443.7.1. Node configuration and deployment 1453.7.2. Blockchain initialization 1483.7.3. Data pre-loading 1493.8. Measurements, performance and benchmark 1503.8.1. Measurement retrieval 1503.8.2. Client application measurement reading 1513.8.3. Benchmark operating principle 1523.9. Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the contribution 1533.10. References 156Chapter 4. Impact Assessment of Blockchain on Factory 4.0 1594.1. State-of-the-art evaluation of factory systems and blockchain 1594.2. Theoretical foundations of simulation 1624.2.1. Definitions 1624.2.2. Model classes 1634.2.3. Specification hierarchy 1644.2.4. Modeling formalisms 1644.3. Introducing ARTIS*: a DEVS C++ 11 library 1654.3.1. Atomic model 1654.3.2. Coupled model 1714.3.3. Constructor and parameters 1714.4. Requirements specification for the proposed evaluation 1744.5. Functional presentation of the simulation model 1764.5.1. At plant level 1764.5.2. At line level 1774.6. Factory 4.0 simulator technical presentation with ARTIS* 1794.6.1. Architecture 1794.6.2. Scenario generator 1804.6.3. Scenario parameterization 1834.7. Presentation of simulated scenarios 1914.7.1. Used storage space evaluation 1914.7.2. Energy consumption assessment 1974.7.3. Carbon (Co2) emissions evaluation 2064.8. Summary of the strengths and weaknesses of the contribution 2114.9. References 212Chapter 5. Digitalization-Centered Perspectives for Factory 4.0 2155.1. Toward a safer and more secure digitalization of factories 2155.1.3. Perspectives 2175.2. Toward more dynamic management using digital twins 2175.2.1. Contributions of the book to the evaluation of blockchain projects 2175.2.2. Prospects 2185.3. Toward digitalization while ensuring factory resilience 2185.3.1. Assessment of the state of factory resilience to cope with digitalization 2195.3.2. Prospects 2205.4. References 221List of Authors 223Index 225