Cyber Physical Human Systems

Anitha Velu, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering at the Sri Sairam College of Engineering, Bangalore, India. She has published more than 15 papers in reputed journals and two patents. Her research interests include image processing, VLSI design, Internet of Things, quantum cryptography, ontology, and semantic web. Prasanth Aruchamy, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala Research and Development Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, India. He has published more than 45 research articles in international journals and conference proceedings, ten patents, and 12 books. His research interests include the Internet of Things, blockchain, wireless sensor networks, medical image processing, and machine learning. Raghu Ramamoorthy, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at the Oxford College of Engineering, Bengaluru, India. With more than 15 years of experience across academia and industry, he has published more than 50 articles in international journals and conferences. His research interests include VANETS, MANETS, computer networks, and wireless communication. Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj, PhD is a Professor at the Symbiosis Institute of Computer Studies and Research at Symbiosis International University, Pune, India. He has authored and edited more than 50 books and more than 115 articles on various cutting-edge technologies and holds 22 patents. His research interests encompass machine learning, cyber-physical systems, and wireless sensor networks. Manjula Arunraj, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Health Information Management and Technology in the College of Applied Medical Sciences at King Faizal University, Alahsa, Saudi Arabia. Her research interests include clinical psychology, health psychology, and abnormal psychology.

• Preface xvii1 Cyber-Physical Human Systems: Overview, Fundamental Concepts and Perspectives 1Anitha Velu, Raghu Ramamoorthy, R. China Appala Naidu and Rashad G. Abaszade1.1 A Run-Through about Cyber-Physical Human Systems 21.2 Fundamental Concepts of CPHS 61.3 Key Features of CPHS 101.4 Application Areas of CPHS 121.5 Overview of the Book 161.6 Summary 172 Features, Characteristics, Architecture, and Future Potential of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 21B. Srilatha, Raghu Ramamoorthy, Mary Francy Joseph and Anitha Velu2.1 Introduction 222.2 Properties of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 222.3 Features of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 232.4 Architecture of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 262.5 Cyber Layer (Computational Intelligence) 272.6 The Role of Computational Intelligence 272.7 Architectural Frameworks 292.8 Physical Layer 302.9 Integration with the Cyber Layer 312.10 The Human Layer: Cognitive and Decision-Making Role 312.11 The Future Potential of Cyber-Physical Human Systems 332.12 Conclusion 353 Technological Aspects of Advanced Human–Machine Interface for Cyberphysical System Implementation 37B. Srilatha, Anitha Velu, Thanka Saranya C. and Meghana Karri3.1 Introduction 383.2 HMI in Cyberphysical Human Systems 393.3 Technological Aspects of Advanced HMI for CPS 423.4 Enabling Technologies for Advanced HMI in CPS 533.5 Real-World Applications/Some Use Cases 643.6 Challenges 663.7 Conclusion 674 Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition Network for Intrusion Detection in Cyberphysical Human Systems 71N. Sathish, P. Arul, V. Yokesh and Rajesh Kumar Dhanaraj4.1 Introduction 724.2 SCADA Networks in CPHS: Architecture and Functionality 744.3 Cybersecurity Threat Landscape for SCADA in CPHS 774.4 Intrusion Detection Systems for SCADA in CPHS 814.5 Advanced Defense Mechanisms in SCADA-Enabled CPHS 844.6 Integration with Cloud and Edge Environments 864.7 Human Factors and Usability in Intrusion Detection 884.8 Case Studies and Real-World Applications 914.9 Future Directions and Research Challenges in SCADA Security for CPHS 924.10 Conclusion and Summary 935 CPHS–IoT Models: A Hybrid Approach to Deal with Engineering Systems and Control Modules 97L.K. Indumathi, Merugu Praveen Kumar, Sonal Bhide and P. Manjula5.1 Introduction 985.2 Basics of CPHS and IoT 995.3 Hybrid CPHS–IoT Modeling Framework 1025.4 Physical Layer in Hybrid CPHS–IoT Architecture 1155.5 Communication Layer in Hybrid CPHS–IoT Architecture 1185.6 Sensor Layer in CPHS–IoT Architecture 1205.7 Implementation Strategies 1225.8 Case Study of Smart Agriculture Using CPHS–IoT System 1245.9 Advantages and Challenges 1265.10 Conclusion 1286 Training Deep Neural Networks for Spatiotemporal Cyberphysical Human Systems 131N. Sathish, R. Nagaraj, P. Arul and Pham Chien Thang6.1 Foundations of Spatiotemporal Cyberphysical Human Systems 1326.2 Nature and Characteristics of Spatiotemporal Data 1346.3 Deep Neural Network Architectures for CPHS 1366.4 Architectures for Spatiotemporal Modeling 1396.5 Training Deep Networks for CPHS 1416.6 Edge and Real-Time Deployment Considerations 145Contents xi6.7 Future Trends and Research Opportunities 1486.8 Conclusion 1507 Digital Twin–Driven Model Architecture for Cyberphysical Systems Toward the Development of Testbed 153Asha Kumari Ablikatte, Prajwal Balakrishna, Saravana Kumar E. and P. Bindu Madhavi7.1 Introduction 1547.2 CPHS in the Present Era 1607.3 Digital Twin Test Beds 1657.4 Experimental Scenarios 1717.5 Conclusion 1737.6 Future Scope 1738 A Holistic Review of Ethical, Legal, and Social Implications of Emerging Cyberphysical Human Systems 179Bhuvana B. P., Bharathi Raju, V. Yokesh and Ahmed A. Elngar8.1 Introduction 1808.2 Ethical Consideration for CPS 1808.3 Legal Implications of CPS 1908.4 Social Implications of Cyberphysical Systems 1988.5 Conclusion 2059 Addressing Challenges and Issues in Data Privacy and Cyberphysical Security Systems in Real-World Implementation 209Lekshmi A. C., Koppala Guravaiah and Shashidhara R.9.1 Introduction 2109.2 Architectural Framework of CPHS 2109.3 Data Privacy in CPHS 2139.4 Cyberphysical Security Systems 2189.5 CPHS Risk Evaluation 223Contents xiii9.6 Future Directions and Recommendations 2249.7 Conclusion 22510 Mist and Edge Computing Cyberphysical Human-Centered Systems for Industry 5.0 Application 229Prajwal B., Raghu Ramamoorthy, Anitha Velu and P. Bindhu Madhavi10.1 Introduction 23010.2 Edge Computing 23410.3 Mist Computing 23410.4 Mist, Edge, and Cloud Computing in Industry 5.0 23410.5 Cyberphysical Human-Centered Systems 23810.6 Conclusion 24511 An Intelligent Cyberphysical System Threat Detection for Secured Communication in 6G Autonomous Vehicle Networks 249N. Sathish, A. Prasanth, V. Yokesh and Afizan Bin Azman11.1 Cyberphysical Systems in 6G Autonomous Vehicle Networks 25011.2 Security Challenges in 6G-Enabled CPS for Autonomous Vehicles 25311.3 Real-Time and Distributed Threat Dynamics 25611.4 Intelligent Threat Detection Framework 25711.5 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning for Threat Detection 26011.6 Emerging Technologies for Secure Communication 26211.7 Integration of Intelligent Systems in 6G Autonomous Networks 26411.8 Challenges and Future Research Directions 26611.9 Conclusion 26812 Case Study on Cyberphysical Human Systems for Safe Human–Robot Collaboration in a Shared Workplace 271H. Nishanthi, P. Divya Prabha, N. Nandhine Shree and Raffaele Mascella12.1 A Run through of Human–Robot Interaction 27212.2 Challenges of HMI 27312.3 Importance of Safe Human–Robot Collaboration 27512.4 Types of Robots Used in Collaborative Setup 27612.5 System Architecture of Cyberphysical Human System 27712.6 Sensors and Perception Systems for Human Detection 28012.7 Human–Robot Interaction Models and Strategies 28112.8 Implementation 28312.9 Risk Assessment and Hazard Mitigation Techniques 28412.10 Machine Learning and AI Integration for Dynamic Decision-Making 28612.11 Challenges and Lessons Learned from Implementation 28712.12 Test Cases of CPHS with HMI 28912.13 Conclusion 29013 Medical Cyberphysical Systems: A Solution to Smart Health Using Flexible Sensors and Devices 293Prema S. and G. Krishnapriya13.1 Introduction 29413.2 Background on MCPSs and Smart Health for the Elderly 29413.3 System Architecture of Smart Medical Cyberphysical Systems Framework 29513.4 Smart Health Solutions Using MCPSs and Emerging Trends 29713.5 Benefits and Applications of MCPSs in Health Optimization 30613.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 306References 307Index 309