Cyber Infrastructure for the Smart Electric Grid

Anurag K. Srivastava, PhD, is the Raymond J. Lane Professor and Chairperson of the Lane Department of Computer Science and Electrical Engineering in the Benjamin M. Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources at West Virginia University. He is the director of the Smart Grid Resiliency and Analytics Lab (SGREAL) and an IEEE Fellow. Venkatesh Venkataramanan, PhD, is a Researcher at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, working on cyber-physical systems. He was previously with Washington State University and Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Carl Hauser, PhD, is Emeritus Faculty in Computer Science at Washington State University. He received his PhD from Cornell University. Following 20 years in industry at IBM Research and Xerox Research he joined WSU where he conducted research on communications and cybersecurity for electric grid operations.

• 1 Introduction to the Smart Grid 11.1 Overview of the electric power grid 11.2 What can go wrong in power grid operation 121.3 Learning from past events 141.4 Towards a smarter electric grid 181.5 Summary 201.6 Problems 201.7 Questions 222 Sense, communicate, compute and control in secure way 232.1 Sensing in smart grid 252.2 Communication infrastructure in smart grid 372.3 Computational infrastructure and control requirements in smart grid 382.4 Cyber security in smart grid 432.5 Summary 452.6 Problems 452.7 Questions 473 Smart Grid Operational Structure and Standards 493.1 Organization to ensure system reliability 533.2 Smart grid standards and interoperability 563.3 Operational structure in the rest of the world 583.4 Summary 583.5 Problems 593.6 Questions 604 Communication performance and factors that Affect it 634.1 Introduction 634.2 Propagation Delay 664.3 Transmission Delay 674.4 Queuing Delay and Jitter 694.5 Processing Delay 734.6 Delay in Multi-hop networks 734.7 Data Loss and Corruption 744.8 Summary 764.9 Exercises 765 Layered communication model 815.1 Introduction 815.2 Physical layer 865.3 Link layer: service models 875.4 Network layer: addressing and routing 925.5 Transport layer: datagram and stream protocols 1005.6 Application layer 1075.7 Glue protocols: ARP, DNS 1095.8 Comparison between OST and TCP/IP models 1125.9 Summary 1135.10 Problems 1135.11 Questions 1156 Power system application-layer protocols 1176.1 Introduction 1176.2 SCADA protocols 1186.3 ICCP 1256.4 C37.118 1276.5 Smart metering and distributed energy resources 1296.6 Time synchronization 1326.7 Summary 1346.8 Problems 1346.9 Questions 1367 Utility IT infrastructures for control center and Fault-tolerant computing 1377.1 Conventional control centers 1377.2 Modern Control Centers 1417.3 Future Control Centers 1437.4 UML, XML, RDF,and CIM 1457.5 Basics of Fault-tolerant computing 1547.6 Cloud computing 1577.7 Summary 1597.8 Problems 1607.9 Questions 1618 Basic security concepts, cryptographic protocols, and access control 1638.1 Introduction 1638.2 Basic Cybersecurity Concepts and Threats to Power systems 1648.3 The CIA Triad and Other Core Security Properties 1688.4 Introduction to Encryption and Authentication 1788.5 Cryptography in power systems 1828.6 Access control 1878.7 Summary 1898.8 Problems 1908.9 Questions 1919 Network attacks and protection 1939.1 Attacks to network communications 1939.2 Mitigation mechanisms against network attacks 2029.3 Network protection through rewalls 2089.4 Intrusion detection 2109.5 Summary 2149.6 Problems 2149.7 Questions 21610 Vulnerabilities, and Risk Management 21710.1 System vulnerabilities 21710.2 Security mechanisms: Access control and Malware Detection 22910.3 Assurance and Evaluation 23310.4 Compliance: Industrial practice to implement NERC CIP 24110.5 Summary 24210.6 Problems 24310.7 Questions 24411 Smart grid case studies 24511.1 Smart Grid Demonstration Projects 24511.2 Smart grid metrics 24911.3 Smart Grid Challenges: Attack case-studies 25011.4 Mitigation using NIST Cybersecurity Framework 25711.5 Summary 25911.6 Problems 25911.7 Questions 261Index