Prof. R. D. Tyagi is an internationally recognized Professor of Biochemical Engineering and biotransformation with ‘Institut national de la recherché Scientifique - Eau, terre, et environnement’, (INRS-ETE), University of Québec, Canada. He also holds Adjunct Professor position at the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. Prof Tyagi has published over 600 papers/communications, which include 21 books, 75 book chapters, 10 research reports, nine patents, etc. He is Associate Editor of ‘‘Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste Management- Am.Soc.Civil Engineering’’ and serves on the editorial board of Process Biochemistry and Bioresource Technology. He has been recognised by many national and international awards and honours. He is member of ‘‘European Academy of Sciences and Arts’’. He conducts research on hazardous/solids waste management, water/wastewater treatment, and wastewater sludge treatment/disposal, bioconversion of wastewater and wastewater sludge into value added products. Balasubramanian Sellamuthu is currently working as a "principal investigator” in life science domain at the company “Security and Protection international (SPI),” Ottawa, Canada. At SPI, Dr. Sellamuthu developing “fiber optic and screen printed electrodes” based biosensors for detection of illicit drugs, toxins, and pathogens present in diverse environment and water. Additionally, Dr. Sellamuthu is working as a research agent at "Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM)," Montreal, Canada Dr. Sellamuthu has 17 years of research experience in Microbiology, molecular biology and green biotechnology at both academic and industries (BioTEPP, HET, and MDDEP) in Canada. He has one patent, published 24 papers, 14 papers in conferences proceedings, 18 book chapters and 6 industrial/scientific reports. Dr. Bhagyashree Tiwari received her Ph.D. in water sciences from Institut national de la recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Canada in 2020. Her research work focuses on the development as well as optimization of various water and wastewater treatment techniques, production of value-added products, such as, biopolymers from waste, identification, and characterization of microscopic organisms and on molecular biology approach for emerging contaminant removal. Previously, Dr. Tiwari was a MITACS-ELEVATE Postdoctoral Fellow at INRS, Université du Québec, Canada. She has published several peer-reviewed journal papers, over 15 book chapters, edited 1 book and has presented in many national and international conferences. She is also the recipient of several awards, prominent among them are the Philip Jones award from Canadian Association on Water Quality in 33rd Eastern Canadian Symposium on Water Quality Research, best oral research presentation award in 7th International forum on Industrial Bioprocess in Wuxi, China. She received the prestigious mobility grant from Venice International University, Italy. Dr Yan Song research focuses on: the production of bioplastics, biodiesel, value added products using wastewater and sludge (biosolids), greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater and sludge treatment processes; and wastewater and sludge treatment process control. Dr. Yan has published 76 papers in refereed journals and presented 60 papers in national and international conferences. She is author of 2 books, 40 book chapters, and many scientific reports. Dr. Yan was part of the team which received the Superior Achievement Award for Excellence in Environmental Engineering and Science in 2010 and 2015 from American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (AAEES) for University Research work. She was selected as an Outstanding Reviewer of the ASCE’s Journal of Environmental Engineering in 2012, and is the member of Canadian Association for Water Quality (CAWQ) and International Water Association (IWA). Patrick Drogui is professor and researcher at the Institut national de la recherche scientifique’s Centre Eau Terre Environnement. He is an internationally recognized expert in electrochemical and membrane technologies, and oxidative processes for different applications in water treatment from industrial wastewater to potable water. The originality of his research work lies in the development of advanced electrolytic processes for water and wastewater treatment requiring no or minimum addition of chemical products. Co-inventor on 8 patents, Dr. Drogui is currently working on new electrolytic and/or membrane, photo-catalytic, and electro-photo-catalytic processes for water treatment, and the removal of phosphate and emerging contaminants. Prof. Drogui is the author of more than 260 papers published in scientific refereed journals. He is an author of 16 book chapters and 54 industrial and scientific reports. Prof. Patrick Drogui received 4 fellowships and 2 awards for the best research project from Pollutec and for the best paper published in Water Environment Federation, delivered 17 invited conferences and 119 communications and conferences. Prof. Patrick Drogui is a director of CREATE-Program in Environmental Decontamination Technologies and Integrated Water and Wastewater Management (TEDGIEER). Collaborative Research and Training Experience Program (CREATE) from National Science Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. Dr. Xiaolei Zhang is currently working in Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) as assistant professor. She received her Ph.D in Water Science from INRS University of Quebec in 2014. Her research work focuses on municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment; micro-electrolysis for wastewater treatment; advanced oxidation. Dr. Zhang has published more than 40 peer-reviewed journal papers, 9 book chapters, and many conference presentations. Prof. Ashok Pandey is currently Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow. His major research and technological development interests are industrial and environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels and chemicals, waste to wealth and energy, etc.

• 1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater 1.1 Introduction1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment 1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery 1.4 Antibiotic discovery1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater 1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment 1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives Abbreviations References 2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification 2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds 2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds 2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds 2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds 2.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater 3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes 3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment 3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives References 4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater 4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment 4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes 4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater 4.6 Horizontal gene transfer 4.7 Emerging infectious particles 4.8 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations 5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater 5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis 5.6 Summary 5.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance 6.3 Antifungal drug resistance 6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria 6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes 6.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater 7.1 Introduction 7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals 7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment 7.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation 8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology 8.4 Soil microbiology 8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run 8.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications 9.3 Microbial association with animals 9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment 9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater 9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals 9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens 9.8 Policy interventions in animal health 9.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Background of bacteriophages (Φ) 10.3 Classification of bacteriophages 10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater 10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer 10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields 10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications 10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant 10.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 11. Development of molecular methods to detect and control emerging drug-resistance pathogens 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable microbial community 11.3 Molecular tools/biosensors development for detectionof drug-resistance bacteria and genes 11.4 Recent approaches to control drug resistance development 11.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 12. Riboswitches and aptamers: potential future targetsto control drug-resistant bacteria 12.1 Introduction 12.2 History of riboswitches and aptamers 12.3 Role of riboswitches 12.4 Applications of aptamers 12.5 Engineering bacteria using riboswitches and aptamers 12.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 13. Treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals: biological treatment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Activated sludge process 13.3 Sequential batch reactor 13.4 Membrane bioreactor 13.5 Fluidized bed biofilm reactor and moving bed biofilmreactor 13.6 The impact of property of pharmaceuticals on the removal 13.7 Novel methods and advanced treatment options 13.8 Engineering aspects to improve pharmaceuticals removal with biological process of wastewater treatment 13.9 Technical and economical evaluation of biological processes 13.10 Treatment systems for small flows 13.11 Effect of climate change on the microbiology of the biological treatment process in removing the pharmaceuticals13.12 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References Further reading 14. Role of chemical treatments in pharmaceuticals degradation and its consequences and environmental risks 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Photocatalysis 14.3 Fenton-type processes 14.4 The electrochemical advance oxidation process 14.5 Treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants by combined wastewater treatment processes 14.6 By-products identification 14.7 Technoeconomic comparison for various hospital wastewater treatment processes 14.8 Challenges in the treatment process 14.9 Conclusion and perspectives References Further reading 15. Hospital wastewater treatment scenario around the globe 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Global scenario of hospital wastewater treatment 15.3 Status of hospital wastewater management in developed countries15.4 Status of hospital wastewater management in developing countries 15.5 Other countries 15.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 16. Guidelines for hospital wastewater discharge 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Guideline of hospital wastewater discharge to municipal sewer 16.3 On-site treatment of hospital wastewater 16.4 Worker’s health and safety principles 16.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 17. Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Emerging infectious diseases 17.3 Threats 17.4 Required research action and proposed remedies 17.5 Effect of global warming on pathogens survival 17.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References

Prof. R. D. Tyagi is an internationally recognized Professor of Biochemical Engineering and biotransformation with ‘Institut national de la recherché Scientifique - Eau, terre, et environnement’, (INRS-ETE), University of Québec, Canada. He also holds Adjunct Professor position at the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. Prof Tyagi has published over 600 papers/communications, which include 21 books, 75 book chapters, 10 research reports, nine patents, etc. He is Associate Editor of ‘‘Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste Management- Am.Soc.Civil Engineering’’ and serves on the editorial board of Process Biochemistry and Bioresource Technology. He has been recognised by many national and international awards and honours. He is member of ‘‘European Academy of Sciences and Arts’’. He conducts research on hazardous/solids waste management, water/wastewater treatment, and wastewater sludge treatment/disposal, bioconversion of wastewater and wastewater sludge into value added products. Balasubramanian Sellamuthu is currently working as a "principal investigator” in life science domain at the company “Security and Protection international (SPI),” Ottawa, Canada. At SPI, Dr. Sellamuthu developing “fiber optic and screen printed electrodes” based biosensors for detection of illicit drugs, toxins, and pathogens present in diverse environment and water. Additionally, Dr. Sellamuthu is working as a research agent at "Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM)," Montreal, Canada Dr. Sellamuthu has 17 years of research experience in Microbiology, molecular biology and green biotechnology at both academic and industries (BioTEPP, HET, and MDDEP) in Canada. He has one patent, published 24 papers, 14 papers in conferences proceedings, 18 book chapters and 6 industrial/scientific reports. Dr. Bhagyashree Tiwari received her Ph.D. in water sciences from Institut national de la recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Canada in 2020. Her research work focuses on the development as well as optimization of various water and wastewater treatment techniques, production of value-added products, such as, biopolymers from waste, identification, and characterization of microscopic organisms and on molecular biology approach for emerging contaminant removal. Previously, Dr. Tiwari was a MITACS-ELEVATE Postdoctoral Fellow at INRS, Université du Québec, Canada. She has published several peer-reviewed journal papers, over 15 book chapters, edited 1 book and has presented in many national and international conferences. She is also the recipient of several awards, prominent among them are the Philip Jones award from Canadian Association on Water Quality in 33rd Eastern Canadian Symposium on Water Quality Research, best oral research presentation award in 7th International forum on Industrial Bioprocess in Wuxi, China. She received the prestigious mobility grant from Venice International University, Italy. Dr Yan Song research focuses on: the production of bioplastics, biodiesel, value added products using wastewater and sludge (biosolids), greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater and sludge treatment processes; and wastewater and sludge treatment process control. Dr. Yan has published 76 papers in refereed journals and presented 60 papers in national and international conferences. She is author of 2 books, 40 book chapters, and many scientific reports. Dr. Yan was part of the team which received the Superior Achievement Award for Excellence in Environmental Engineering and Science in 2010 and 2015 from American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (AAEES) for University Research work. She was selected as an Outstanding Reviewer of the ASCE’s Journal of Environmental Engineering in 2012, and is the member of Canadian Association for Water Quality (CAWQ) and International Water Association (IWA). Patrick Drogui is professor and researcher at the Institut national de la recherche scientifique’s Centre Eau Terre Environnement. He is an internationally recognized expert in electrochemical and membrane technologies, and oxidative processes for different applications in water treatment from industrial wastewater to potable water. The originality of his research work lies in the development of advanced electrolytic processes for water and wastewater treatment requiring no or minimum addition of chemical products. Co-inventor on 8 patents, Dr. Drogui is currently working on new electrolytic and/or membrane, photo-catalytic, and electro-photo-catalytic processes for water treatment, and the removal of phosphate and emerging contaminants. Prof. Drogui is the author of more than 260 papers published in scientific refereed journals. He is an author of 16 book chapters and 54 industrial and scientific reports. Prof. Patrick Drogui received 4 fellowships and 2 awards for the best research project from Pollutec and for the best paper published in Water Environment Federation, delivered 17 invited conferences and 119 communications and conferences. Prof. Patrick Drogui is a director of CREATE-Program in Environmental Decontamination Technologies and Integrated Water and Wastewater Management (TEDGIEER). Collaborative Research and Training Experience Program (CREATE) from National Science Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. Dr. Xiaolei Zhang is currently working in Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) as assistant professor. She received her Ph.D in Water Science from INRS University of Quebec in 2014. Her research work focuses on municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment; micro-electrolysis for wastewater treatment; advanced oxidation. Dr. Zhang has published more than 40 peer-reviewed journal papers, 9 book chapters, and many conference presentations. Prof. Ashok Pandey is currently Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow. His major research and technological development interests are industrial and environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels and chemicals, waste to wealth and energy, etc.

• 1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater 1.1 Introduction1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment 1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery 1.4 Antibiotic discovery1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater 1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment 1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives Abbreviations References 2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification 2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds 2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds 2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds 2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds 2.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater 3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes 3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment 3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives References 4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater 4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment 4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes 4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater 4.6 Horizontal gene transfer 4.7 Emerging infectious particles 4.8 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations 5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater 5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis 5.6 Summary 5.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance 6.3 Antifungal drug resistance 6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria 6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes 6.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater 7.1 Introduction 7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals 7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment 7.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation 8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology 8.4 Soil microbiology 8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run 8.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications 9.3 Microbial association with animals 9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment 9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater 9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals 9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens 9.8 Policy interventions in animal health 9.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Background of bacteriophages (Φ) 10.3 Classification of bacteriophages 10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater 10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer 10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields 10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications 10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant 10.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 11. Development of molecular methods to detect and control emerging drug-resistance pathogens 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable microbial community 11.3 Molecular tools/biosensors development for detectionof drug-resistance bacteria and genes 11.4 Recent approaches to control drug resistance development 11.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 12. Riboswitches and aptamers: potential future targetsto control drug-resistant bacteria 12.1 Introduction 12.2 History of riboswitches and aptamers 12.3 Role of riboswitches 12.4 Applications of aptamers 12.5 Engineering bacteria using riboswitches and aptamers 12.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 13. Treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals: biological treatment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Activated sludge process 13.3 Sequential batch reactor 13.4 Membrane bioreactor 13.5 Fluidized bed biofilm reactor and moving bed biofilmreactor 13.6 The impact of property of pharmaceuticals on the removal 13.7 Novel methods and advanced treatment options 13.8 Engineering aspects to improve pharmaceuticals removal with biological process of wastewater treatment 13.9 Technical and economical evaluation of biological processes 13.10 Treatment systems for small flows 13.11 Effect of climate change on the microbiology of the biological treatment process in removing the pharmaceuticals13.12 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References Further reading 14. Role of chemical treatments in pharmaceuticals degradation and its consequences and environmental risks 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Photocatalysis 14.3 Fenton-type processes 14.4 The electrochemical advance oxidation process 14.5 Treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants by combined wastewater treatment processes 14.6 By-products identification 14.7 Technoeconomic comparison for various hospital wastewater treatment processes 14.8 Challenges in the treatment process 14.9 Conclusion and perspectives References Further reading 15. Hospital wastewater treatment scenario around the globe 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Global scenario of hospital wastewater treatment 15.3 Status of hospital wastewater management in developed countries15.4 Status of hospital wastewater management in developing countries 15.5 Other countries 15.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 16. Guidelines for hospital wastewater discharge 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Guideline of hospital wastewater discharge to municipal sewer 16.3 On-site treatment of hospital wastewater 16.4 Worker’s health and safety principles 16.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 17. Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Emerging infectious diseases 17.3 Threats 17.4 Required research action and proposed remedies 17.5 Effect of global warming on pathogens survival 17.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References

Prof. R. D. Tyagi is an internationally recognized Professor of Biochemical Engineering and biotransformation with ‘Institut national de la recherché Scientifique - Eau, terre, et environnement’, (INRS-ETE), University of Québec, Canada. He also holds Adjunct Professor position at the University of Missouri-Columbia, USA. Prof Tyagi has published over 600 papers/communications, which include 21 books, 75 book chapters, 10 research reports, nine patents, etc. He is Associate Editor of ‘‘Practice Periodical of Hazardous, Toxic & Radioactive Waste Management- Am.Soc.Civil Engineering’’ and serves on the editorial board of Process Biochemistry and Bioresource Technology. He has been recognised by many national and international awards and honours. He is member of ‘‘European Academy of Sciences and Arts’’. He conducts research on hazardous/solids waste management, water/wastewater treatment, and wastewater sludge treatment/disposal, bioconversion of wastewater and wastewater sludge into value added products. Balasubramanian Sellamuthu is currently working as a "principal investigator” in life science domain at the company “Security and Protection international (SPI),” Ottawa, Canada. At SPI, Dr. Sellamuthu developing “fiber optic and screen printed electrodes” based biosensors for detection of illicit drugs, toxins, and pathogens present in diverse environment and water. Additionally, Dr. Sellamuthu is working as a research agent at "Centre de recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Universite de Montreal (CRCHUM)," Montreal, Canada Dr. Sellamuthu has 17 years of research experience in Microbiology, molecular biology and green biotechnology at both academic and industries (BioTEPP, HET, and MDDEP) in Canada. He has one patent, published 24 papers, 14 papers in conferences proceedings, 18 book chapters and 6 industrial/scientific reports. Dr. Bhagyashree Tiwari received her Ph.D. in water sciences from Institut national de la recherche Scientifique (INRS), Université du Québec, Canada in 2020. Her research work focuses on the development as well as optimization of various water and wastewater treatment techniques, production of value-added products, such as, biopolymers from waste, identification, and characterization of microscopic organisms and on molecular biology approach for emerging contaminant removal. Previously, Dr. Tiwari was a MITACS-ELEVATE Postdoctoral Fellow at INRS, Université du Québec, Canada. She has published several peer-reviewed journal papers, over 15 book chapters, edited 1 book and has presented in many national and international conferences. She is also the recipient of several awards, prominent among them are the Philip Jones award from Canadian Association on Water Quality in 33rd Eastern Canadian Symposium on Water Quality Research, best oral research presentation award in 7th International forum on Industrial Bioprocess in Wuxi, China. She received the prestigious mobility grant from Venice International University, Italy. Dr Yan Song research focuses on: the production of bioplastics, biodiesel, value added products using wastewater and sludge (biosolids), greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater and sludge treatment processes; and wastewater and sludge treatment process control. Dr. Yan has published 76 papers in refereed journals and presented 60 papers in national and international conferences. She is author of 2 books, 40 book chapters, and many scientific reports. Dr. Yan was part of the team which received the Superior Achievement Award for Excellence in Environmental Engineering and Science in 2010 and 2015 from American Academy of Environmental Engineers and Scientists (AAEES) for University Research work. She was selected as an Outstanding Reviewer of the ASCE’s Journal of Environmental Engineering in 2012, and is the member of Canadian Association for Water Quality (CAWQ) and International Water Association (IWA). Patrick Drogui is professor and researcher at the Institut national de la recherche scientifique’s Centre Eau Terre Environnement. He is an internationally recognized expert in electrochemical and membrane technologies, and oxidative processes for different applications in water treatment from industrial wastewater to potable water. The originality of his research work lies in the development of advanced electrolytic processes for water and wastewater treatment requiring no or minimum addition of chemical products. Co-inventor on 8 patents, Dr. Drogui is currently working on new electrolytic and/or membrane, photo-catalytic, and electro-photo-catalytic processes for water treatment, and the removal of phosphate and emerging contaminants. Prof. Drogui is the author of more than 260 papers published in scientific refereed journals. He is an author of 16 book chapters and 54 industrial and scientific reports. Prof. Patrick Drogui received 4 fellowships and 2 awards for the best research project from Pollutec and for the best paper published in Water Environment Federation, delivered 17 invited conferences and 119 communications and conferences. Prof. Patrick Drogui is a director of CREATE-Program in Environmental Decontamination Technologies and Integrated Water and Wastewater Management (TEDGIEER). Collaborative Research and Training Experience Program (CREATE) from National Science Engineering Research Council (NSERC) of Canada. Dr. Xiaolei Zhang is currently working in Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen) as assistant professor. She received her Ph.D in Water Science from INRS University of Quebec in 2014. Her research work focuses on municipal wastewater and industrial wastewater treatment; micro-electrolysis for wastewater treatment; advanced oxidation. Dr. Zhang has published more than 40 peer-reviewed journal papers, 9 book chapters, and many conference presentations. Prof. Ashok Pandey is currently Executive Director, Centre for Energy and Environmental Sustainability-India, Lucknow. His major research and technological development interests are industrial and environmental biotechnology and energy biosciences, focusing on biomass to biofuels and chemicals, waste to wealth and energy, etc.

• 1. Introduction to wastewater microbiology: special emphasis on hospital wastewater 1.1 Introduction1.2 History of wastewater origin and treatment 1.3 History of microbiology and pathogens discovery 1.4 Antibiotic discovery1.5 Pharmaceuticals in hospital wastewater 1.6 Presence of pharmacological substances in aquatic environment 1.7 Conclusion and future perspectives Abbreviations References 2. Pharmaceutical metabolites and their by-products in hospital wastewater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Pharmaceutical metabolites and their classification 2.3 Route of entry and fate of pharmaceutical compounds 2.4 Metabolism and transformation mechanism of pharmaceutical compounds 2.5 Ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical compounds 2.6 Detection of pharmaceutical compounds 2.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 3. Physical, chemical, and biological impact (hazard) of hospital wastewater on environment: presence of pharmaceuticals, pathogens, and antibiotic-resistance genes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pharmaceuticals and pathogens in hospital wastewater 3.3 The development of antibiotic resistance genes 3.4 The transportation of pharmaceuticals and pathogens in the environment 3.5 The prevention of pharmaceuticals and pathogens into environment 3.6 Conclusions and perspectives References 4. Microbiology of hospital wastewater 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Microorganisms and pathogens originating from hospital wastewater 4.3 Antibiotic-resistance genes prevalence in environment 4.4 Tools used to identify antibiotic-resistance genes 4.5 Metagenomics of hospital wastewater 4.6 Horizontal gene transfer 4.7 Emerging infectious particles 4.8 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations 5. Fate of pathogens and viruses in hospital wastewater and their treatment methods 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Pathogen surveillance and detection in hospital wastewater 5.3 Types of pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.4 Treatment methods available for pathogens present in hospital wastewater 5.5 Treated water monitoring and analysis 5.6 Summary 5.7 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 6. Multidrug-resistant genes and pathogenic bacteria in hospital wastewater 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Origin and mechanism of drug resistance 6.3 Antifungal drug resistance 6.4 Antibiotic-resistance bacteria 6.5 Antibiotic-resistance genes 6.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 7. Cancer treatment drugs and endocrine-disrupting chemicals release and fate in hospital wastewater 7.1 Introduction 7.2 List of chemicals released in the hospital wastewater7.3 Endocrine-disrupting chemicals 7.4 Challenges in hospital wastewater treatment 7.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 8. Pharmaceuticals roles in microbial evolution 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Microbial evolution and adaptation 8.3 Aquatic environment microbiology 8.4 Soil microbiology 8.5 Effect on plants, animals, and humans in long run 8.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 9. Present scenario of antibiotic use in veterinary practice: importance of wastewater microbiology 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Antibiotic released in veterinary applications 9.3 Microbial association with animals 9.4 Dissemination of animal pathogens to environment 9.5 Animal viruses in wastewater 9.6 Recent studies on wastewater associated with animals 9.7 Molecular detection of veterinary pathogens 9.8 Policy interventions in animal health 9.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 10. Bacteriophages isolated from hospital wastewater and its role in controlling drug-resistant pathogens 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Background of bacteriophages (Φ) 10.3 Classification of bacteriophages 10.4 Phages commonly found in hospital wastewater 10.5 Role of phages in drug-resistance gene transfer 10.6 General (vast) applications of bacteriophages in different fields 10.7 Limitations of phage use in real world applications 10.8 Removal of phages from wastewater treatment plant 10.9 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 11. Development of molecular methods to detect and control emerging drug-resistance pathogens 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Antibiotic-resistance gene-carrying plasmidome in the cultivable microbial community 11.3 Molecular tools/biosensors development for detectionof drug-resistance bacteria and genes 11.4 Recent approaches to control drug resistance development 11.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 12. Riboswitches and aptamers: potential future targetsto control drug-resistant bacteria 12.1 Introduction 12.2 History of riboswitches and aptamers 12.3 Role of riboswitches 12.4 Applications of aptamers 12.5 Engineering bacteria using riboswitches and aptamers 12.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 13. Treatment of wastewater containing pharmaceuticals: biological treatment 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Activated sludge process 13.3 Sequential batch reactor 13.4 Membrane bioreactor 13.5 Fluidized bed biofilm reactor and moving bed biofilmreactor 13.6 The impact of property of pharmaceuticals on the removal 13.7 Novel methods and advanced treatment options 13.8 Engineering aspects to improve pharmaceuticals removal with biological process of wastewater treatment 13.9 Technical and economical evaluation of biological processes 13.10 Treatment systems for small flows 13.11 Effect of climate change on the microbiology of the biological treatment process in removing the pharmaceuticals13.12 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References Further reading 14. Role of chemical treatments in pharmaceuticals degradation and its consequences and environmental risks 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Photocatalysis 14.3 Fenton-type processes 14.4 The electrochemical advance oxidation process 14.5 Treatment of pharmaceutical pollutants by combined wastewater treatment processes 14.6 By-products identification 14.7 Technoeconomic comparison for various hospital wastewater treatment processes 14.8 Challenges in the treatment process 14.9 Conclusion and perspectives References Further reading 15. Hospital wastewater treatment scenario around the globe 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Global scenario of hospital wastewater treatment 15.3 Status of hospital wastewater management in developed countries15.4 Status of hospital wastewater management in developing countries 15.5 Other countries 15.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 16. Guidelines for hospital wastewater discharge 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Guideline of hospital wastewater discharge to municipal sewer 16.3 On-site treatment of hospital wastewater 16.4 Worker’s health and safety principles 16.5 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References 17. Future impacts and trends in treatment of hospital wastewater 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Emerging infectious diseases 17.3 Threats 17.4 Required research action and proposed remedies 17.5 Effect of global warming on pathogens survival 17.6 Conclusions and perspectives Abbreviations References