Criminal Jurisdiction over Perpetrators of Ship-Source Pollution

Alla Pozdnakova is a post-doctoral research fellow at the Scandinavian Institute of Maritime Law of the Faculty of Law at the University of Oslo and an author of several publications on topics of maritime law, EU law and competition law.

• CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER PERPETRATORS OF SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION:INTERNATIONAL LAW, STATE PRACTICE AND EU HARMONISATIONPREFACELIST OF ABBREVIATIONSPART I INTRODUCTIONPART II PRESCRIPTIVE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER THE PERPETRATORS OF SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION1INTRODUCTION2THE FLAG STATE’S JURISDICTION UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW TO PRESCRIBE SANCTIONS FOR SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION2.1Introduction2.2Environmental obligations of flag States under international law2.3The Flag State’s discretion with respect to the criminalization of discharge violations2.4International rules determining environmental responsibilities and sanctions for ship-source pollution3PRESCRIPTIVE CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER POLLUTION VIOLATIONS INVOLVING FOREIGN VESSELS3.1Introduction3.2Criminal liability for pollution and the right of innocent passage through the territorial sea3.2.1OVERVIEW3.2.2DOES CRIMINALIZATION OF POLLUTION VIOLATIONS HINDER INNOCENT PASSAGE?3.2.3WHO MAY BE SUBJECT TO CRIMINAL LIABILITY FOR SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION?3.3UNCLOS provisions on jurisdiction in the exclusive economic zone3.4Criminal liability for pollution violations on the high seas and in other States’ waters3.4.1OVERVIEW3.4.2ENVIRONMENTAL CRIMES PERPETRATED BY NATIONALS3.4.3POLLUTION BY FOREIGN PERPETRATORS ON THE HIGH SEAS AND IN OTHER STATES’ WATERS3.5Application of territorial jurisdiction to discharge violations perpetrated outside a State’s territoryPART III CRIMINAL ENFORCEMENT JURISDICTION IN SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION CASES4INTRODUCTION5INTERDICTION OF FOREIGN VESSELS AND CREWS FOR POLLUTION VIOLATIONS5.1Introduction5.2Inspection and detention of foreign vessels in the territorial sea5.3Inspection and detention of foreign vessels in the EEZ5.4Interdiction of foreign vessels on the high seas6JURISDICTION WITH REGARD TO CRIMINAL PROSECUTION IN SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION CASES6.1Introduction6.2Flag State enforcement jurisdiction in pollution cases6.3Jurisdiction to punish foreign perpetrators of ship-source pollution6.3.1OVERVIEW6.3.2DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS IN INTERNAL WATERS AND THE TERRITORIAL SEA6.3.3DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS IN THE EEZ6.3.4PORT STATE JURISDICTION AND EXTRATERRITORIAL POLLUTION VIOLATIONS6.3.5ALLOCATION OF CONCURRENT JURISDICTION TO PROSECUTE A DISCHARGE VIOLATION AFFECTING SEVERAL COASTAL STATES7SAFEGUARDS AGAINST EXCESSIVE ENFORCEMENT BY NON-FLAG STATES7.1Introduction7.2Rules applying to the investigation and detention of foreign vessels7.3Prompt release of vessels and crews7.4Suspension and restrictions on institution of proceedings7.5Rights of the crew in criminal pollution casesPART IV CRIMINAL JURISDICTION OVER PERPETRATORS OF SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION IN SELECTED NATIONAL SYSTEMS AND THE EUROPEAN UNION8INTRODUCTION9THE EUROPEAN UNION9.1Introduction9.2EU rules on criminal liability for ship-source pollution in the light of MARPOL9.2.1OVERVIEW9.2.2DEFINITIONS OF NEGLIGENCE IN THE DIRECTIVES AND IN MARPOL9.2.3WHO MAY BE SUBJECT TO PENALTIES FOR DISCHARGE VIOLATIONS?9.2.4THE ERIKA AND CRIMINAL PENALTIES FOR ACCIDENTAL POLLUTION9.3EU rules of criminal jurisdiction in ship-source pollution cases9.3.1OVERVIEW9.3.2EU RULES ON THE JURISDICTION OF THE STATE OF NATIONALITY9.3.3COASTAL AND PORT STATE JURISDICTION UNDER THE DIRECTIVES9.3.4EU RULES ON CRIMINAL JURISDICTION IN THE LIGHT OF THE UNCLOS SAFEGUARDS10KINGDOM OF NORWAY10.1Introduction10.2Criminal liability for ship-source pollution10.3Rules of criminal jurisdiction over perpetrators of pollution11THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION11.1Introduction11.2Criminal liability for ship-source pollution11.3Criminal jurisdiction over perpetrators of pollutionPART V SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSLIST OF SOURCESInternational documentsTREATIESREGIONAL AND BILATERAL AGREEMENTSINTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICEINTERNATIONAL TRIBUNAL ON THE LAW OF THE SEAEUROPEAN COURT OF HUMAN RIGHTSIMO RESOLUTIONSEUROPEAN UNIONTreatiesSecondary lawCourt of Justice of the European UnionOtherKINGDOM OF NORWAYLawsRegulationsCasesTravaux préparatoiresTHE RUSSIAN FEDERATIONFederal statutesFederal regulationsPlenum of the Supreme Court of the Russian FederationCasesOTHER CASESBIBLIOGRAPHY