JIANHONG LIU is an Associate Professor at Rhode Island College. He has published numerous journal articles and is currently working on a project examining negative social capital and subculture values for Chinese offenders.LENING ZHANG is Assistant Professor at Saint Francis College. He has published widely in both the United States and China.STEVEN F. MESSNER is Professor and Chair of Sociology at State University of New York at Albany./e He has published extensively in professional journals and is co-author of Crime and the American Dream, Perspectives on Crime and Deviance, and Criminology: An Introduction Using ExplorIt.