Craft of System Security, The

Professor Sean Smith has been working in information security--attacks and defenses, for industry and government--since before there was a Web. As a post-doc and staff member at Los Alamos National Laboratory, he performed security reviews, designs, analyses, and briefings for a wide variety of public-sector clients; at IBM T.J. Watson Research Center, he designed the security architecture for (and helped code and test) the IBM 4758 secure coprocessor, and then led the formal modeling and verification work that earned it the world's first FIPS 140-1 Level 4 security validation. In July 2000, Sean left IBM for Dartmouth, since he was convinced that the academic education and research environment is a better venue for changing the world. His current work, as PI of the Dartmouth PKI/Trust Lab, investigates how to build trustworthy systems in the real world. Sean was educated at Princeton (A.B., Math) and CMU (M.S., Ph.D., Computer Science), and is a member of Phi Beta Kappa and Sigma Xi.Dr. John Marchesini received a B.S. in Computer Science from the University of Houston in 1999 and, after spending some time developing security software for BindView, headed to Dartmouth to pursue a Ph.D. There, he worked under Professor Sean Smith in the PKI/Trust lab designing, building, and breaking systems. John received his Ph.D. in Computer Science from Dartmouth in 2005 and returned to BindView, this time working in BindView's RAZOR security research group. He conducted numerous application penetration tests and worked closely with architects and developers to design and build secure systems. In 2006, BindView was acquired by Symantec and he became a member of Symantec's Product Security Group, where his role remained largely unchanged. John recently left Symantec and is now the Principal Security Architect at EminentWare LLC.

• Preface  xxiiiAcknowledgments  xxxi Part I: History  1 Chapter 1: Introduction  3 1.1  The Standard Rubric  4 1.2  The Matrix  7 1.3  Other Views  9 1.4  Safe States and the Access Control Matrix  16 1.5  Other Hard Questions  18 1.6  The Take-Home Message  21 1.7  Project Ideas  22 Chapter 2: The Old Testament  23 2.1  The Basic Framework  23 2.2  Security Models  25 2.3  The Orange Book  33 2.4  INFOSEC, OPSEC, JOBSEC  43 2.5  The Take-Home Message  43 2.6  Project Ideas  43 Chapter 3: Old Principles, New World  45 3.1  Solving the Wrong Problem?  46 3.2  Lack of Follow-Through?  48 3.3  Too Unwieldy?  49 3.4  Saltzer and Schroeder  53 3.5  Modern Relevance  56 3.6  The Take-Home Messagev57 3.7  Project Ideas  57 Part II: Security and the Modern Computing Landscape  59 Chapter 4: OS Security  61 4.1  OS Background  61 4.2  OS Security Primitives and Principles  68 4.3  Real OSes: Everything but the Kitchen Sink  73 4.4  When the Foundation Cracks  77 4.5  Where Are We?  82 4.6  The Take-Home Message  86 4.7  Project Ideas  86 Chapter 5: Network Security  87 5.1  Basic Framework    88 5.2  Protocols  99 5.3  The Network as a Battlefield  104 5.4  The Brave New World  112 5.5  The Take-Home Message  121 5.6  Project Ideas  121 Chapter 6: Implementation Security  123 6.1  Buffer Overflow  124 6.2  Argument Validation and Other Mishaps  132 6.3  TOCTOU  139 6.4  Malware  140 6.5  Programming Language Security  143 6.6  Security in the Development Lifecycle  148 6.7  The Take-Home Message  152 6.8  Project Ideas  152 Part III: Building Blocks for Secure Systems  155 Chapter 7: Using Cryptography  157 7.1    Framework and Terminology  158 7.2    Randomness  161 7.3    Symmetric Cryptography  163 7.4    Applications of Symmetric Cryptography  172 7.5    Public-Key Cryptography  174 7.6    Hash Functions  180 7.7    Practical Issues: Public Key  183 7.8    Past and Future  186 7.9    The Take-Home Message  187 7.10  Project Ideas  187 Chapter 8: Subverting Cryptography  189 8.1 Breaking Symmetric Key without Brute Force  190 8.2 Breaking Symmetric Key with Brute Force  192 8.3 Breaking Public Key without Factoring  194 8.4 Breaking Cryptography via the Real World  202 8.5 The Potential of Efficiently Factoring Moduli  209 8.6 The Take-Home Message  212 8.7 Project Ideas  213 Chapter 9: Authentication  215 9.1  Basic Framework  216 9.2  Authenticating Humans  217 9.3  Human Factors  220 9.4  From the Machine's Point of View  223 9.5  Advanced Approaches  226 9.6  Case Studies  237 9.7  Broader Issues  243 9.8  The Take-Home Message  247 9.9  Project Ideas  248 Chapter 10: Public Key Infrastructure  249 10.1    Basic Definitions  250 10.2    Basic Structure  252 10.3    Complexity Arrives  253 10.4    Multiple CAs  258 10.5    Revocation  262 10.6    The X.509 World  265 10.7    Dissent 268 10.8    Ongoing Trouble  271 10.9    The Take-Home Message  273 10.10  Project Ideas  273 Chapter 11: Standards, Compliance, and Testing  275 11.1  Standards  276 11.2  Policy Compliance  282 11.3  Testing  289 11.4  The Take-Home Message  297 11.5  Project Ideas  298 Part IV: Applications  299 Chapter 12: The Web and Security  301 12.1  Basic Structure  302 12.2  Security Techniques  316 12.3  Privacy Issues  329 12.4  Web Services  334 12.5  The Take-Home Message  336 12.6  Project Ideas  337 Chapter 13: Office Tools and Security  339 13.1  Word  340 13.2  Lotus 1-2-3  350 13.3  PDF  351 13.4  Cut-and-Paste  355 13.5  PKI and Office Tools  357 13.6  Mental Models  360 13.7  The Take-Home Message  363 13.8  Project Ideas  363 Chapter 14: Money, Time, Property  365 14.1  Money  366 14.2  Time  376 14.3  Property  381 14.4  The Take-Home Message  387 14.5  Project Ideas  387 Part V: Emerging Tools  389 Chapter 15: Formal Methods and Security  391 15.1  Specification  392 15.2  Logics  395 15.3  Cranking the Handle  403 15.4  Case Studies  404 15.5  Spinning Your Bank Account  404 15.6  Limits  405 15.7  The Take-Home Message  407 15.8  Project Ideas  409 Chapter 16: Hardware-Based Security  411 16.1  Data Remanence  412 16.2  Attacks and Defenses  415 16.3  Tools  423 16.4  Alternative Architectures  434 16.5  Coming Trends  440 16.6  The Take-Home Message  447 16.7  Project Ideas  447 Chapter 17: In Search of the Evil Bit  449 17.1  The AI Toolbox  451 17.2  Application Taxonomy  455 17.3  Case Study  458 17.4  Making it Real  464 17.5  The Take-Home Message  466 17.6  Project Ideas  466 Chapter 18: Human Issues  467 18.1  The Last Mile  468 18.2  Design Principles  472 18.3  Other Human-Space Issues  481 18.4  Trust  483 18.5  The Take-Home Message  485 18.6  Project Ideas  485 The Take-Home Lesson  487 Appendix A: Exiled Theory  489 A.1  Relations, Orders, and Lattices  490 A.2  Functions  491 A.3  Computability Theory  492 A.4  Frameworks  496 A.5  Quantum Physics and Quantum Computation  497 Bibliography  503Index  525