Iddo Porat is Professor of Constitutional Law at the College of Law and Business, recipient of the Rockefeller Foundation Residency Fellowship, and former Visiting Professor at Melbourne Law School and San Diego Law School. Porat's co-authored and co-edited books include Proportionality and Constitutional Culture (2013) and Towering Judges (2022). Moshe Cohen-Eliya is Professor of Constitutional Law at the College of Law and Business, founding editor of the Journal of Law and Ethics of Human Rights, and co-author of Proportionality and Constitutional Culture (2013). He has been a visiting professor at leading law schools including LSE, NUS, and HKU.

• Introduction; Part I. Theory: 1. Political polarization: definitions, causes, and effects; 2. Polarization and courts: theoretical and general perspectives; Part II. The Three Models: 3. The US; 4. Continental Europe; 5. Westminster model; Part III. Extending the Gaze: 6. Background conditions; 7. The clash – political attacks and judicial reactions; Part IV. Reforms: 8. Reform proposals; 9. Assessment.

'In this book, two of our keenest observers of comparative judicial politics set their sights on the issue of our day: how can courts conduct their work in deeply polarized democracies? Leveraging insights and experience from multiple jurisdictions, the book provides a resource for our moment, and promises to stimulate important debate on the road ahead.' Tom Ginsburg, The University of Chicago

Iddo Porat is Professor of Constitutional Law at the College of Law and Business, recipient of the Rockefeller Foundation Residency Fellowship, and former Visiting Professor at Melbourne Law School and San Diego Law School. Porat's co-authored and co-edited books include Proportionality and Constitutional Culture (2013) and Towering Judges (2022). Moshe Cohen-Eliya is Professor of Constitutional Law at the College of Law and Business, founding editor of the Journal of Law and Ethics of Human Rights, and co-author of Proportionality and Constitutional Culture (2013). He has been a visiting professor at leading law schools including LSE, NUS, and HKU.

• Introduction; Part I. Theory: 1. Political polarization: definitions, causes, and effects; 2. Polarization and courts: theoretical and general perspectives; Part II. The Three Models: 3. The US; 4. Continental Europe; 5. Westminster model; Part III. Extending the Gaze: 6. Background conditions; 7. The clash – political attacks and judicial reactions; Part IV. Reforms: 8. Reform proposals; 9. Assessment.

'In this book, two of our keenest observers of comparative judicial politics set their sights on the issue of our day: how can courts conduct their work in deeply polarized democracies? Leveraging insights and experience from multiple jurisdictions, the book provides a resource for our moment, and promises to stimulate important debate on the road ahead.' Tom Ginsburg, The University of Chicago

Iddo Porat is Professor of Constitutional Law at the College of Law and Business, recipient of the Rockefeller Foundation Residency Fellowship, and former Visiting Professor at Melbourne Law School and San Diego Law School. Porat's co-authored and co-edited books include Proportionality and Constitutional Culture (2013) and Towering Judges (2022). Moshe Cohen-Eliya is Professor of Constitutional Law at the College of Law and Business, founding editor of the Journal of Law and Ethics of Human Rights, and co-author of Proportionality and Constitutional Culture (2013). He has been a visiting professor at leading law schools including LSE, NUS, and HKU.

• Introduction; Part I. Theory: 1. Political polarization: definitions, causes, and effects; 2. Polarization and courts: theoretical and general perspectives; Part II. The Three Models: 3. The US; 4. Continental Europe; 5. Westminster model; Part III. Extending the Gaze: 6. Background conditions; 7. The clash – political attacks and judicial reactions; Part IV. Reforms: 8. Reform proposals; 9. Assessment.

'In this book, two of our keenest observers of comparative judicial politics set their sights on the issue of our day: how can courts conduct their work in deeply polarized democracies? Leveraging insights and experience from multiple jurisdictions, the book provides a resource for our moment, and promises to stimulate important debate on the road ahead.' Tom Ginsburg, The University of Chicago