Countering Cyberterrorism

Dr. Reza Montasari is a Senior Lecturer in Cyber Threats at the Department of Criminology, Sociology and Social Policy in the School of Social Sciences at Swansea University, Wales, United Kingdom (UK). Dr. Montasari is also a member of the Cyber Threats Research Centre (CYTREC) at Swansea University, which focuses on addressing a wide range of online threats, from terrorism, extremism and cybercrime to child sexual exploitation and grooming online. Reza serves as a Member of Strategic Independent Advisory Group at South Wales Police (Cardiff, Wales, UK), and a Programme Chair, Programme Steering Member, and Committee Member of the Annual International Conference on Global Security, Safety & Sustainability. Reza holds a BSc (Hons) in Multimedia Computing and an MSc in Computer Forensics both from the University of South Wales and a PhD in Digital Forensics from the University of Derby. He is a Fellow of Higher Education Academy (FHEA), a Chartered Engineer (CEng), and a Member of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET).Reza’s main research interests lie in the areas of Digital Forensics, Cyber Security, Cyber Warfare, and Artificial Intelligence but also include Cyber Law and Cyber Criminology. Reza is a prolific publisher of academic research and is frequently invited to present or be a panelist at various international security-related conferences. Reza is an experienced professor, supervisor and examiner of both undergraduate and postgraduate candidates, as well as having extensive experience in reviewing and examining programmes of study. Reza is also very experienced at designing, developing and validating both new programmes of studies and new modules. He is or has been an External Examiner to various universities and has also acted as the External Member of Validation Panel for various undergraduate and postgraduate courses

• Introduction.- References.- Cyber Threats and the Security Risks They Pose to National Security: An Assessment of Cybersecurity Policy in the United Kingdom.- Abstract.- Introduction.- The Most Prevalent Cyber Threats.- The UK Cyber Landscape.- How Cyber Threats Are Identified in the UK Threats.- Types of Cyber-Attacks.- The UK  Cybersecurity Policies and Practices Cybersecurity in Government Policies and Strategies.- Current Policies, Strategies, and Practices.- National Cyber Security Centre.- Active Cyber Defence Programme.- National Cyber Security Strategy 2022-2030.- Recommendations.- Criticisms of the NCSC and Recommendations.- Criticisms of the ACD and Recommendations.- Criticisms of the NCSS 2022-2030 and Recommendations.- Recommendations for the Government’s Role.- Discussion and Conclusion- Key Findings.- Limitations of the Chapter.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- Internet of Things and Artificial Intelligence in National Security: Applications and Issues.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Background.- Definitions.- National and Domestic Security.- Definition of Artificial Intelligence.- The Internet of Things.- The Internet of Things Forensics.- AI and IoT in National and Domestic Security.- The Role of AI and IoT in Digital Security.- AI for Protecting IoT Devices against Hacking.- The Malicious Use of AI to Hack IoT Devices.- The Use of AI in the Military to Hack IoT Devices. - The Use of AI by Institutions to Safeguard Citizens.- AI and IoT in Political Security.- Deepfake and Mis- and Disinformation.- AI and the Formation of Filter Bubbles.- AI and Online Content Moderation.- AI and IoT in Physical Security.- Augmented Intelligence Analysis.- Military Weaponisation of AI and the IoT.- Privacy Implications of AI Algorithms.- Impacts of AI Algorithms on User Privacy.- Legal Frameworks for Privacy Relating AI Algorithms.- Potential Solutions for Privacy Implications.- Conclusion.- References.- Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things.- Forensics in a National Security Context.- Abstract.- Introduction.- AI Techniques in Automating Tasks of IoT Forensics.- A Brief Summary of IoT Forensics from Chapter 3.- Types of AI Techniques Relevant to IoT Forensics.- Natural Language Processing.- Machine Learning.- Machine Learning and Anomaly Detection.- Machine Learning and Detection of Steganography.- Machine Learning and Detection of Steganography.- Sources and Detection of Algorithmic Bias.- Algorithmic Bias.- Sources of Algorithmic Bias.- Algorithmic Transparency and Military AI.- Recommendations.- Recommendations for Detecting Algorithmic Bias.- Recommendation for Algorithmic Transparency in Military AI Applications.- Conclusion.- References.- The Application of Big Data Predictive Analytics and Surveillance Technologies in the Field of Policing.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Key Concepts and History of AI- Predictive Policing.- History of AI.- Facial Recognition Technology.- 3D Facial Recognition.- Machine Learning.- SupervisedLearning.- Unsupervised Learning.- Reinforcement Learning.- Support Vector Machine.- Natural Language Processing.- Big Data.- RQ 1: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement I.- Big Data Predictive Analytics.- PredPol.- CompStat.- Person-Based Forecasting.- Innovative Surveillance Technology.- Hard and Soft Technology.- Closed-Circuit Television.- Facial Recognition Technology.- Body-Worn Cameras.- Social Media.- RQ 2: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement II.- ML and Data Mining in Policing.- Police Discrimination and Big Data.- DNA Databases and Big Data.- Recommendations.- Accountability and Transparency.- Bias in ML Algorithms.- Conclusion.- References.- The Potential Impacts of the National Security Uses of Big Data Predictive Analytics on Human Rights.- Abstract.- Introduction.- Background.- Big Data Predictive Analytics.- The Application of Predictive Policing.- Civil Liberties and National Security.- RQ 1: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement I.- Civil Liberties and National Security.- ChillingEffect, Privacy Rights and Freedom of Speech.- The Fourth Amendment and Stop and Search.- Striking a Smart Balance.- RQ 2: The Use of AI by Law Enforcement II.- Overpolicing of Certain Areas.- Focus on Crimes of the Poor.- System Avoidance.- Recommendations.- Conclusion.- References.- National Artificial Intelligence Strategies: A Comparison of the UK, EU and US Approaches with Those Adopted by State Adversaries.- Abstract.- Introduction .- AI Strategies of the UK, EU and US.- The UK AI Strategy.- The EU AI Strategy.- AI Strategies of Russia and China.- The Chinese AI Strategy.- The Russian AI Strategy.- Shortcomings and Recommendations.- Shortcomings of the UK AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the EU AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the US AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the Chinese AI Strategy.- Shortcomings of the Russian AI Strategy.- Conclusion.- References.