Cotton Production

About the Editors Khawar Jabran, is an Assistant Professor at the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technologies, Ni??de Ömer Halisdemir University, Ni??de, Turkey. He is also Academic Editor for PLOS ONE and is on the editorial board of the Crop Protection journal. Bhagirath Singh Chauhan, is a Principal Research Fellow and a Theme Leader at The University of Queensland, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, Gatton, Queensland, Australia. He is Associate Editor of Weed Science and The Journal of Agricultural Science.

• List of Contributors xvii1 An Introduction to Global Production Trends and Uses, History and Evolution, and Genetic and Biotechnological Improvements in Cotton 1Khawar Jabran, Sami Ul‐Allah, Bhagirath Singh Chauhan, and Allah Bakhsh1.1 Introduction 11.2 Global Production Trends of Cotton 21.3 Uses and Products of Cotton 51.4 History and Evolution of Cotton 51.5 Genetic Improvement in Cotton 81.6 Role of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering in Improving Cotton 111.7 Biotech Cotton Against Biotic and Abiotic Stresses 121.8 Biotech Cotton with Enhanced Resistance Against Abiotic Stress 141.9 Conclusions 15References 162 Morphology, Physiology and Ecology of Cotton 23Abdul Rehman and Muhammad Farooq2.1 Introduction 232.2 Morphology of Cotton 242.3 Temporal Dynamics of Cotton Leaves, Canopies, and Fiber Development 322.4 Physiology of Defoliation in Cotton Production 322.5 Physiology of Insect‐Cotton Plant Interaction 332.6 Effect of Abiotic Stresses on Cotton Physiology 332.7 Agronomic Management of Cotton 372.8 Organic Cotton Production 382.9 Conclusion 39References 393 Water Management in Cotton 47Avishek Datta, Hayat Ullah, Zannatul Ferdous, Raquel Santiago-Arenas, and Ahmed Attia3.1 Introduction 473.2 Water Uptake in Cotton 483.3 Germination and Growth of Cotton in Relation to Water Availability 493.4 Water Management Methods 513.5 Drought Stress in Cotton: Impacts and Management 543.6 Conclusions 56References 564 Nutrient Management in Cotton 61Jingxiu Xiao and Xinhua Yin4.1 Introduction 614.2 Nutrient Deficiency Symptoms in Cotton 624.3 Diseases and Cotton Nutrition 664.4 Macronutrient Management 674.5 Micronutrient Management 704.6 Drip Irrigation and Cotton Nutrients 724.7 Foliar Fertilization 734.8 Conclusion 74References 755 Insect Pest Management in Cotton 85Muhammad Razaq, Robert Mensah, and Habib‐ur‐Rehman Athar5.1 Introduction 855.2 Genetically Modified Cotton: Benefits and Threats 875.3 Evolution of Resistance to BT Cotton and Management Strategies 885.4 Management of Resistance to BT Crops 895.5 Sucking Insect Pests 905.6 Impact of Genetically Modified Cotton on Sucking Insect Pests and their Management 925.7 Chemical Insecticide Use, Modes of Action, and Resistance 935.8 Modes of Action of Insecticides Used on Cotton 945.9 Modes of Action and Toxicity 945.10 Integrated Pest Management 965.11 Avoidance of Pests 965.12 Sampling and Monitoring Pest Populations for Effective IPM Programs 985.13 Conclusions 101Acknowledgments 102References 1026 Weed Management in Cotton 109Nadeem Iqbal, Asad M. Khan, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan6.1 Introduction 1096.2 Weed Flora of Cotton 1106.3 Impact of Weeds on Cotton 1106.4 Herbicide‐resistant Weeds 1136.5 Preventive Weed Management 1146.6 Cultural Weed Management 1156.7 Mechanical Weed Management 1186.8 Chemical Weed Control 1186.9 Integrated Weed Management in Cotton 1216.10 Conclusions 122References 1227 Integrated Management of Major Fungal, Bacterial, Viral, and Nematode Diseases of Cotton 127Lily L. Pereg and Tamene T. Tolessa7.1 General Background 1277.2 Fungal Diseases of Cotton 1287.3 Bacterial Diseases of Cotton 1387.4 Viral Diseases of Cotton 1387.5 Disease Caused by Nematodes 1397.6 An Overview of Cotton Disease Management 1407.7 Conclusions 141References 1418 Seed Production, Harvesting, and Ginning of Cotton 145Gautam Majumdar, Suman Bala Singh, and Sujeet Kumar Shukla8.1 Basic Principles for Seed Production in Cotton 1458.2 Harvesting 1528.3 Ginning 1618.4 Conclusions 171References 1729 Cotton Production in China 175Mao Shuchun, Li Yabing, Wang Zhanbiao, Zhi Xiaoyu, Li Pengcheng, and Xue Huiyun9.1 Introduction 1759.2 The Development of Cotton Production 1759.3 Division of Cotton‐Producing Regions and Innovation of the Cotton Farming System 1779.4 Planting Systems 1809.5 Cotton Varieties and Genetic Modification 1809.6 Cotton Genetic Modification 1819.7 Technologies for Cotton Production 1829.8 Prospects for Further Cotton Production Development 1899.9 Conclusion 190References 19010 Cotton Production in India 193D. Blaise and K. R. Kranthi10.1 Introduction 19310.2 History, Importance, Area, and Production 19310.3 Land Preparation and Planting 19610.4 Seed Rate and Spacing 19710.5 Cotton Based Cropping Systems 19810.6 Major Production Constraints 19910.7 Fertilizer Management 20110.8 Cotton Insect Pests in India and Their Management 20310.9 Cotton Diseases in India and Their Management 20610.10 Cotton Weeds in India and Their Management 20710.11 Harvesting and Yields 20810.12 Processing and Products 20910.13 Challenges and Opportunities 21010.14 Conclusions 211References 21211 Cotton Production in the United States of America: An Overview 217Tyson B. Raper, Cristiane Pilon, Vijay Singh, John Snider, Scott Stewart, and Seth Byrd11.1 History, Production Areas, and Yield 21711.2 Varieties and Genetic Improvement 21911.3 Cotton Production Methods 22311.4 Seedbed Preparation 22311.5 Planting 22411.6 Early‐Season Management 22511.7 Mid‐Season Management 22611.8 Pre‐Harvest 22711.9 Harvesting 22711.10 Crop Nutrition and Pest Management 23011.10.1 Fertilizer 23011.11 Weed Management 23111.12 Insect Management 23411.13 Major Production Constraints 23411.14 Irrigation Scheduling 23811.15 Conclusion 241References 24212 Cotton Production in Pakistan 249Muhammad Amjad Ali, Jehanzeb Farooq, Asia Batool, Adil Zahoor, Farrukh Azeem, Abid Mahmood, and Khawar Jabran12.1 Introduction 24912.2 History, Importance, Area, and Production 25012.3 Breeding Methods 25812.4 Land Marks in History of Cotton Breeding in Punjab, Pakistan 26012.5 Cotton Production Methods 26412.6 Weeds of Cotton 26712.7 Cotton Production Constraints in Pakistan 26712.8 Challenges and Opportunities 26912.9 Pest Management 27012.10 Harvesting and Yields 27112.11 Processing and Products 27212.12 Conclusions 272References 27313 Cotton Production in Brazil and Other South American Countries 277Lucia Vieira Hoffmann, Ivan Bonacic Kresic, Jorge Gabriel Paz, Diego Alberto Bela, Nydia Elisa Tcach, Fernando Mendes Lamas, and Valdinei Sofiatti13.1 Introduction 27713.2 History 27813.3 Varieties and Genetic Improvement 27913.4 Cotton‐Based Cropping Systems in Brazil and Argentina 28213.5 Major Production Constraints 28513.6 Challenges and Opportunities 28513.7 Harvesting 29013.8 Processing and Products 29113.9 Conclusions 291References 29114 Cotton Production in Turkey and Europe 297Huseyin Basal, Emine Karademir, Hatice Kubra Goren, Volkan Sezener, Mehmet Nedim Dogan, Ibrahim Gencsoylu, and Oktay Erdogan14.1 Introduction 29714.2 History of Cotton Production and Textile Manufacturing in Turkey 29814.3 Cotton Production in Turkey 29914.4 Organic Cotton Production in Turkey 30014.5 Cotton Based Cropping Systems 30214.6 Varieties and Genetic Improvement 30214.7 Cotton Production Methods 30414.8 Major Production Constraints 30414.9 Challenges and Opportunities 30514.10 Cotton Diseases and Control 30914.11 Weed Control in Cotton Production in Turkey 31014.12 Harvesting and Yield 31214.13 Cotton Production in Europe 31514.14 Cotton Production in Spain 31614.15 Cotton Production in Bulgaria 31614.16 Conclusions 316References 31715 Cotton Production in Central Asia 323Mahsa Pourali Kahriz, Parisa Pourali Kahriz, and Khalid Mahmood Khawar15.1 Introduction 32315.2 History, Importance, Area, and Production 32415.3 Uzbekistan 32515.4 Cotton Based Cropping Systems 32615.5 Varieties and Genetic Improvement: Cotton Production Methods 32615.6 Major Production Constraints 32815.7 Fertilizer and Pest Management 32915.8 Processing and Products 33115.9 Turkmenistan 33215.10 Tajikistan 33215.11 Kazakhstan 33315.12 Kyrgyzstan 33415.13 Conclusions 335References 33516 Cotton Production in Australia 341Parminder Kaur, Tejinder Bhagria, Navneet Kaur Mutti, Abhimanyu Rinwa, Gulshan Mahajan, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan16.1 Introduction 34116.2 History, Importance, Area, and Production 34216.3 Varieties and Genetic Improvement 34316.4 Production Technology 34416.5 Row Spacing and Plant Population 34516.6 Crop Development 34616.7 No‐Till Planting of Cotton into Cereal Stubble 34616.8 Growth Regulators in Cotton Production 34616.9 Irrigation 34716.10 Cotton‐based Cropping Systems 34816.11 Fertilizer Management 34916.12 Insect‐pest Management 34916.13 Weed Management 35116.14 Major Production Constraints 35216.15 Challenges and Opportunities 35316.16 Conclusions 355References 35517 Cotton Production in Africa 359Khizer Amanet, Emmanuel Obianuju Chiamaka, Gabriel Willie Quansah, Muhammad Mubeen, Hafiz Umar Farid, Rida Akram, and Wajid Nasim17.1 Introduction 35917.2 History, Importance, Area, and Production 36017.3 Cotton Based Cropping System in African Countries 36217.4 Varieties and Genetic Improvement of Cotton in Africa 36317.5 Major Production Constraints in Africa 36317.6 Challenges and Opportunities 36617.7 Harvesting and Yields 36717.8 Conclusion 367References 36718 Challenges and Opportunities in Cotton Production 371Mahboobeh Mollaee, Ahmadreza Mobli, Navneet Kaur Mutti, Sudheesh Manalil, and Bhagirath Singh Chauhan18.1 Introduction 37118.2 GM Cotton 37218.3 Conservation Agriculture in Cotton 37418.4 Cotton Production under Salt Stress and Water Logging 37518.5 Climate Change and Cotton Production 37718.6 Cotton Hybrids 37818.7 Cotton Wastes for Energy 37918.8 Crop Modeling in Cotton 38018.9 Organic Cotton Production 38018.10 Conclusions 382References 383Index 391