Narasi Sridhar, PhD, is a consultant with over 45 years of experience in alloy development, testing, sensors, and corrosion life prediction. He is the CEO of MC Consult LLC and an Adjunct Professor at The Ohio State University. Prior to his current occupation, he was a Vice President at DNV. Prior to joining DNV he was a Program Director at Southwest Research Institute and Group Leader for Corrosion at Haynes International. He has won many international awards, including the prestigious Frank Newman Speller and Willis Whitney awards. He is a Fellow of ASM International and AMPP.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xixList of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi1 History and Production of Nickel and Nickel Alloys 11.1 Origin and Abundance of Nickel 11.2 Ancient History of Nickel Usage 21.3 History of Industrial Usage of Nickel and Its Alloying Elements 31.4 Patent History 61.5 Production of Ni-Based Alloys 71.6 Supply and Usage of Nickel and Its Alloys 9References 112 Physical Metallurgy of Nickel-Based Alloys 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Atomic Radius and Electronic Structure 162.3 Equilibrium Phase Diagrams 212.4 Approaches for Predicting Intermetallic Phases 362.5 Kinetics of Phase Transformations 432.6 Deformation Structures 522.7 Castings and Welds 57References 593 Corrosion Overview 693.1 Electrochemical Aspects of Corrosion 693.2 Thermodynamic Basis of Corrosion 713.3 Electrochemical Kinetics 763.4 Modes of Corrosion 80References 1054 Corrosion in Reducing Environments 1114.1 Introduction 1114.2 Depassivation pH 1114.3 Sulfuric Acid 1154.4 Acid Halides and Halide Salts 1304.5 Acid Mixtures 148References 1565 Corrosion in Oxidizing Environments Without Localized Corrosion 1655.1 Introduction 1655.2 Oxidizing Acids Without Halides 1665.3 Chromic Acid Mixtures 1865.4 Other Oxidizing Environments 189References 1906 Caustic and Mixed Solvent Environments 1936.1 Introduction 1936.2 Caustic Environments 1946.3 Corrosion Behavior of Ni and Ni-alloys in Caustic 1976.4 Supercritical Water 2056.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 2076.6 Supercritical Water as a Heat Exchange Medium 2116.7 Electrochemical Studies 2126.8 Organic Solvents 212References 2167 Localized Corrosion 2237.1 Introduction 2237.2 Effect of Solution Composition on Critical Potentials 2267.3 Critical Temperatures 2327.4 Effect of Alloying 2367.5 Modeling Localized Corrosion 2457.6 Localized Corrosion Growth Rate 2497.8 Effect of Phase Transformations on Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 2567.9 Intergranular Corrosion 2627.10 Dealloying 269References 2698 Environmentally Assisted Cracking 2838.1 Introduction 2838.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) 2838.3 Embrittlement from Gaseous Hydrogen 2928.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement from Cathodic Polarization 2978.5 Fracture Modes in Hydrogen 3108.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking in Aqueous Environments 3128.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ni-base Alloys in Nuclear Reactor Environments 3348.8 Non Aqueous Solutions 3478.9 Liquid–Metal Embrittlement 348References 3499 Summary and Future 3699.1 Future of Alloy Development 3729.2 Future of Corrosion Modeling 372References 375Appendices 377Appendix A Alloy Compositions 379Appendix B Corrosion Data 383B.1 Iso-Corrosion Diagrams 383B.2 Critical Temperatures for Localized Corrosion 396Appendix C Physical and Mechanical Properties 403Index 407

Narasi Sridhar, PhD, is a consultant with over 45 years of experience in alloy development, testing, sensors, and corrosion life prediction. He is the CEO of MC Consult LLC and an Adjunct Professor at The Ohio State University. Prior to his current occupation, he was a Vice President at DNV. Prior to joining DNV he was a Program Director at Southwest Research Institute and Group Leader for Corrosion at Haynes International. He has won many international awards, including the prestigious Frank Newman Speller and Willis Whitney awards. He is a Fellow of ASM International and AMPP.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xixList of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi1 History and Production of Nickel and Nickel Alloys 11.1 Origin and Abundance of Nickel 11.2 Ancient History of Nickel Usage 21.3 History of Industrial Usage of Nickel and Its Alloying Elements 31.4 Patent History 61.5 Production of Ni-Based Alloys 71.6 Supply and Usage of Nickel and Its Alloys 9References 112 Physical Metallurgy of Nickel-Based Alloys 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Atomic Radius and Electronic Structure 162.3 Equilibrium Phase Diagrams 212.4 Approaches for Predicting Intermetallic Phases 362.5 Kinetics of Phase Transformations 432.6 Deformation Structures 522.7 Castings and Welds 57References 593 Corrosion Overview 693.1 Electrochemical Aspects of Corrosion 693.2 Thermodynamic Basis of Corrosion 713.3 Electrochemical Kinetics 763.4 Modes of Corrosion 80References 1054 Corrosion in Reducing Environments 1114.1 Introduction 1114.2 Depassivation pH 1114.3 Sulfuric Acid 1154.4 Acid Halides and Halide Salts 1304.5 Acid Mixtures 148References 1565 Corrosion in Oxidizing Environments Without Localized Corrosion 1655.1 Introduction 1655.2 Oxidizing Acids Without Halides 1665.3 Chromic Acid Mixtures 1865.4 Other Oxidizing Environments 189References 1906 Caustic and Mixed Solvent Environments 1936.1 Introduction 1936.2 Caustic Environments 1946.3 Corrosion Behavior of Ni and Ni-alloys in Caustic 1976.4 Supercritical Water 2056.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 2076.6 Supercritical Water as a Heat Exchange Medium 2116.7 Electrochemical Studies 2126.8 Organic Solvents 212References 2167 Localized Corrosion 2237.1 Introduction 2237.2 Effect of Solution Composition on Critical Potentials 2267.3 Critical Temperatures 2327.4 Effect of Alloying 2367.5 Modeling Localized Corrosion 2457.6 Localized Corrosion Growth Rate 2497.8 Effect of Phase Transformations on Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 2567.9 Intergranular Corrosion 2627.10 Dealloying 269References 2698 Environmentally Assisted Cracking 2838.1 Introduction 2838.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) 2838.3 Embrittlement from Gaseous Hydrogen 2928.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement from Cathodic Polarization 2978.5 Fracture Modes in Hydrogen 3108.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking in Aqueous Environments 3128.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ni-base Alloys in Nuclear Reactor Environments 3348.8 Non Aqueous Solutions 3478.9 Liquid–Metal Embrittlement 348References 3499 Summary and Future 3699.1 Future of Alloy Development 3729.2 Future of Corrosion Modeling 372References 375Appendices 377Appendix A Alloy Compositions 379Appendix B Corrosion Data 383B.1 Iso-Corrosion Diagrams 383B.2 Critical Temperatures for Localized Corrosion 396Appendix C Physical and Mechanical Properties 403Index 407

Narasi Sridhar, PhD, is a consultant with over 45 years of experience in alloy development, testing, sensors, and corrosion life prediction. He is the CEO of MC Consult LLC and an Adjunct Professor at The Ohio State University. Prior to his current occupation, he was a Vice President at DNV. Prior to joining DNV he was a Program Director at Southwest Research Institute and Group Leader for Corrosion at Haynes International. He has won many international awards, including the prestigious Frank Newman Speller and Willis Whitney awards. He is a Fellow of ASM International and AMPP.

• Preface xvAcknowledgments xixList of Abbreviations and Acronyms xxi1 History and Production of Nickel and Nickel Alloys 11.1 Origin and Abundance of Nickel 11.2 Ancient History of Nickel Usage 21.3 History of Industrial Usage of Nickel and Its Alloying Elements 31.4 Patent History 61.5 Production of Ni-Based Alloys 71.6 Supply and Usage of Nickel and Its Alloys 9References 112 Physical Metallurgy of Nickel-Based Alloys 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Atomic Radius and Electronic Structure 162.3 Equilibrium Phase Diagrams 212.4 Approaches for Predicting Intermetallic Phases 362.5 Kinetics of Phase Transformations 432.6 Deformation Structures 522.7 Castings and Welds 57References 593 Corrosion Overview 693.1 Electrochemical Aspects of Corrosion 693.2 Thermodynamic Basis of Corrosion 713.3 Electrochemical Kinetics 763.4 Modes of Corrosion 80References 1054 Corrosion in Reducing Environments 1114.1 Introduction 1114.2 Depassivation pH 1114.3 Sulfuric Acid 1154.4 Acid Halides and Halide Salts 1304.5 Acid Mixtures 148References 1565 Corrosion in Oxidizing Environments Without Localized Corrosion 1655.1 Introduction 1655.2 Oxidizing Acids Without Halides 1665.3 Chromic Acid Mixtures 1865.4 Other Oxidizing Environments 189References 1906 Caustic and Mixed Solvent Environments 1936.1 Introduction 1936.2 Caustic Environments 1946.3 Corrosion Behavior of Ni and Ni-alloys in Caustic 1976.4 Supercritical Water 2056.5 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) 2076.6 Supercritical Water as a Heat Exchange Medium 2116.7 Electrochemical Studies 2126.8 Organic Solvents 212References 2167 Localized Corrosion 2237.1 Introduction 2237.2 Effect of Solution Composition on Critical Potentials 2267.3 Critical Temperatures 2327.4 Effect of Alloying 2367.5 Modeling Localized Corrosion 2457.6 Localized Corrosion Growth Rate 2497.8 Effect of Phase Transformations on Pitting and Crevice Corrosion 2567.9 Intergranular Corrosion 2627.10 Dealloying 269References 2698 Environmentally Assisted Cracking 2838.1 Introduction 2838.2 Hydrogen Embrittlement (HE) 2838.3 Embrittlement from Gaseous Hydrogen 2928.4 Hydrogen Embrittlement from Cathodic Polarization 2978.5 Fracture Modes in Hydrogen 3108.6 Stress Corrosion Cracking in Aqueous Environments 3128.7 Stress Corrosion Cracking of Ni-base Alloys in Nuclear Reactor Environments 3348.8 Non Aqueous Solutions 3478.9 Liquid–Metal Embrittlement 348References 3499 Summary and Future 3699.1 Future of Alloy Development 3729.2 Future of Corrosion Modeling 372References 375Appendices 377Appendix A Alloy Compositions 379Appendix B Corrosion Data 383B.1 Iso-Corrosion Diagrams 383B.2 Critical Temperatures for Localized Corrosion 396Appendix C Physical and Mechanical Properties 403Index 407