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This anthology presents the complete text of thirty-four treaties that have effectively contained the spread of nuclear, biological, and conventional weapons during the Cold War and beyond. The treaties are placed in historical context by individual commentaries from noted authorities Thomas Graham Jr. and Damien J. LaVera, which provide unique insights on each treaty’s negotiation and implementation.During the 1990s, numerous arms control agreements were concluded under U.N. or U.S. leadership. In 1995, one hundred sixty-five nations agreed to indefinitely extend the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty. Many nations ratified important chemical and biological weapons conventions, a pact to reduce conventional forces in Europe, and agreements to limit testing of weapons of mass destruction. More recent treaties seeking to restrain small arms trafficking and ban land mines are also highlighted and analyzed.Graham concludes with lessons learned from the collective negotiation and verification history of these treaties, ongoing efforts to limit weaponry, and general observations on the status and effectiveness of these agreements. There is no comparable resource available for diplomats, international lawyers, and arms control specialists.
Thomas Graham Jr. served as acting director of the U.S. Arms Control and Disarmament Agency and as Special Ambassador for Disarmament before retiring from government service in 1997. He is the author of Disarmament Sketches: Three Decades of Arms Control and International Law. Ambassador Graham currently serves as chairman and Damien J. LaVera as coordinator of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security in Washington, D.C.
Abbreviations and AcronymsPrefaceIntroduction1. The 1925 Geneva Protocol2. The Antarctic Treaty3. The "Hot Line" Agreements4. The Limited Test Ban Treaty5. The Outer Space Treaty6. Nuclear-Weapon-Free-Zone Treaties7. The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty8. Special Non-Proliferation Treaty Safeguards Agreements9. The Seabed Arms Control Treaty10. The "Accidents Measures" Agreement11. The Biological Weapons Convention12. The Incidents at Sea Agreement13. The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks14. The Threshold Test Ban Treaty15. The Peaceful Nuclear Explosions Treaty16. The Environmental Modification Convention17. The Convention on the Physical Protection of Nuclear Material18. Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons19. Nuclear Risk Reduction Centers20. The Ballistic Missile Launch Notification Agreement21. The Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces Treaty22. The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty23. The Open Skies Treaty24. The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaties (START I & II)25. The Chemical Weapons Convention26. The Agreed Framework27. Confidence and Security Measures Documents28. The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty29. The Ottawa Convention on Landmines30. Treaty on Strategic Offensive ReductionsConclusionsAppendix