Contextuality in Random Variables

Ehtibar N. Dzhafarov is Professor Emeritus at Purdue University, USA. He has published over 170 papers in psychology, mathematics, philosophy, and foundations of quantum mechanics, and he has edited six books and four special journal issues. He served as President of the Society for Mathematical Psychology and has received a Humboldt Research Award. Janne V. Kujala is Associate Professor at the University of Turku, Finland. He has published over 60 papers in computational statistics, applied probability, foundations of quantum mechanics, mathematical psychology, and learning analytics, and has edited one special journal issue. He received the William K. Estes Early Career award in mathematical psychology. Víctor H. Cervantes is Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, USA. He was awarded a Fulbright Scholarship in 2014, and he received his doctoral degree in mathematical and computational cognitive science from Purdue University.

• 1. Preliminaries; 2. Context-dependence and contextuality; 3. Random variables; 4. Systems and their couplings; 5. Contextuality I: basic properties; 6. Contextuality II: dichotomizations and criteria of contextuality; 7. Cyclic systems; 8. Consistently connected and consistified systems; 9. Hidden variable models; 10. Measures of the degree of contextuality; 11. Noncontextuality polytopes for cyclic systems; Index.