Ian Cram is Senior Lecturer and Convenor for the Human Rights Research Unit in the School of Law at Leeds University, UK. He is the Programme Director for the LLM in International and European Human Rights Law. His research interests include public law, comparative law and human rights. He has published widely in these areas in leading academic journals.

• Contents: Current controversies in freedom of expression; Rights-based judicial review, Constitutional cultures and expressive freedom; Political expression: political parties, voters and candidates; Comparative constitutional issues arising from the regulation of election campaign finance; Wounding words: the constitutional challenge posed by hate speech in modern liberal democracies; Sexually explicit expression and the Courts; Advertising, autonomy and proportionality: constitutional arguments surrounding the regulation of commercial expression; Conclusion: protecting expression as a constitutional value; Bibliography; Index.

'...the real value of [Cram's] project is in the compelling way he brings together the multiple debates ranging across comparative contexts and in the way that he effectively connects outcomes in various cases and responses to particular problems to the traditions, cultures, and underlying political philosophies and popular dispositions of the US, the UK and Canada.' American Political Science Association 'One of the great merits of Ian Cram’s Contested Words is that it does explore the coherence of restrictions on the exercise of free speech rights in the context of arguments of political philosophy about the general point of the freedom...Vigorously and attractively argued...this is an important contribution to the continuing debate on the value and scope of freedom of speech.' Legal Studies - The Journal of the Society of Legal Scholars '...well researched, up-to-date and comprehensive...of particular interest to students, especially higher level students with a good general knowledge of the law or comparative political systems, who are new to free speech controversies. It may also be useful to more experienced readers who want to update their knowledge of key cases, events and controversies.' Melbourne University Law Review '...the book is an excellent contribution to the freedom of speech field and well worth reading. It will be of interest to a broad audience interested in freedom of speech debates throughout the liberal democratic world as well as to academics requiring a comparative jurisdictional textbook.' Media and Arts Law Review