Claudia Landwehr is Professor of Political Theory and Public Policy at the University of Mainz. In her research, she focuses on deliberative democracy, citizens' understandings of democracy, democratic innovations, and questions of institutional design. Thomas Saalfeld is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bamberg. Focusing on European democracies, in particular Germany and the United Kingdom, his research contributes to the comparative study of cabinet survival, coalition governance, legislative organization and ethnic-minority representation. Armin Schäfer is Professor of Political Science at the University of Mainz. His research has focused on the link between social and political inequality, nonvoting, democratic representation, and economic and social policy.

• 1. Introduction Claudia Landwehr, Thomas Saalfeld and Armin Schäfer; Part I. The Contested Idea of Political Representation: 2. Democratic Representation, Contestation and Institutional Reform Claudia Landwehr; 3. Deliberative Minipublics and the Populist Conception of Representation as Embodiment Cristina Lafont; 4.Protest and the Will of the People in a Representative Democracy Daniel Gillion; 5. Evolving Dilemmas: Representative Democracy in the European Union Guri Rosen; 6. Progress and Failure in Achieving Equal Representation: Understanding Women's Office Holding by Party in the US Melody Crowder-Meyer; Part II. Representation and Responsiveness in Unequal Societies: 7. Reconsidering Representation: How the Same Data Can Produce Divergent Conclusions about the Quality of Democratic Responsiveness in the United States Peter K. Enns; 8. Party Politics or Public Opinion? Unequal Responsiveness of Policy-making Reconsidered Marius R. Busemeyer; 9. Unequal Representation and the Right-Wing Populist Vote in Europe Svenja Hense and Armin Schäfer; 10. What Do Voters Think About the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class? Nicholas Carnes and Noam Lupu; Part III. Polarization, New Cleavages and Shifts in Democratic Government: 11. Policy and Politics in Disjuncture Jane Gingrich and Ben Ansell; 12. The Effect of Polarization on Cabinet Formation and Termination in European Democracies, 1945–2019 Henning Bergmann and Thomas Saalfeld; 13. Is Populism a Threat or a Chance for Representative Democracy? Michael Zürn; Part IV. Constitutional Crisis and Institutional Reform: 14. Deliberative Innovations and the (Re-) Inclusion of Disadvantaged and Disaffected Citizens André Bächtiger and Vanessa Schwaiger; 15. Electoral Democracies and Democratic Innovations: An Agenda Mark E. Warren.

'Concerns about the capacity of liberal democratic institutions to solve pressing social problems while adequately representing the interests of ordinary citizens are on the rise. Consequently, authoritarian alternatives of both the populist and technocratic variety are resurgent. This volume deftly combines democratic theory and empirical evidence to reassess the state of liberal democracy and suggest reforms to support of its preservation.' Nolan McCarty, Princeton University

Claudia Landwehr is Professor of Political Theory and Public Policy at the University of Mainz. In her research, she focuses on deliberative democracy, citizens' understandings of democracy, democratic innovations, and questions of institutional design. Thomas Saalfeld is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bamberg. Focusing on European democracies, in particular Germany and the United Kingdom, his research contributes to the comparative study of cabinet survival, coalition governance, legislative organization and ethnic-minority representation. Armin Schäfer is Professor of Political Science at the University of Mainz. His research has focused on the link between social and political inequality, nonvoting, democratic representation, and economic and social policy.

• 1. Introduction Claudia Landwehr, Thomas Saalfeld and Armin Schäfer; Part I. The Contested Idea of Political Representation: 2. Democratic Representation, Contestation and Institutional Reform Claudia Landwehr; 3. Deliberative Minipublics and the Populist Conception of Representation as Embodiment Cristina Lafont; 4.Protest and the Will of the People in a Representative Democracy Daniel Gillion; 5. Evolving Dilemmas: Representative Democracy in the European Union Guri Rosen; 6. Progress and Failure in Achieving Equal Representation: Understanding Women's Office Holding by Party in the US Melody Crowder-Meyer; Part II. Representation and Responsiveness in Unequal Societies: 7. Reconsidering Representation: How the Same Data Can Produce Divergent Conclusions about the Quality of Democratic Responsiveness in the United States Peter K. Enns; 8. Party Politics or Public Opinion? Unequal Responsiveness of Policy-making Reconsidered Marius R. Busemeyer; 9. Unequal Representation and the Right-Wing Populist Vote in Europe Svenja Hense and Armin Schäfer; 10. What Do Voters Think About the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class? Nicholas Carnes and Noam Lupu; Part III. Polarization, New Cleavages and Shifts in Democratic Government: 11. Policy and Politics in Disjuncture Jane Gingrich and Ben Ansell; 12. The Effect of Polarization on Cabinet Formation and Termination in European Democracies, 1945–2019 Henning Bergmann and Thomas Saalfeld; 13. Is Populism a Threat or a Chance for Representative Democracy? Michael Zürn; Part IV. Constitutional Crisis and Institutional Reform: 14. Deliberative Innovations and the (Re-) Inclusion of Disadvantaged and Disaffected Citizens André Bächtiger and Vanessa Schwaiger; 15. Electoral Democracies and Democratic Innovations: An Agenda Mark E. Warren.

'Concerns about the capacity of liberal democratic institutions to solve pressing social problems while adequately representing the interests of ordinary citizens are on the rise. Consequently, authoritarian alternatives of both the populist and technocratic variety are resurgent. This volume deftly combines democratic theory and empirical evidence to reassess the state of liberal democracy and suggest reforms to support of its preservation.' Nolan McCarty, Princeton University

Claudia Landwehr is Professor of Political Theory and Public Policy at the University of Mainz. In her research, she focuses on deliberative democracy, citizens' understandings of democracy, democratic innovations, and questions of institutional design. Thomas Saalfeld is Professor of Comparative Politics at the University of Bamberg. Focusing on European democracies, in particular Germany and the United Kingdom, his research contributes to the comparative study of cabinet survival, coalition governance, legislative organization and ethnic-minority representation. Armin Schäfer is Professor of Political Science at the University of Mainz. His research has focused on the link between social and political inequality, nonvoting, democratic representation, and economic and social policy.

• 1. Introduction Claudia Landwehr, Thomas Saalfeld and Armin Schäfer; Part I. The Contested Idea of Political Representation: 2. Democratic Representation, Contestation and Institutional Reform Claudia Landwehr; 3. Deliberative Minipublics and the Populist Conception of Representation as Embodiment Cristina Lafont; 4.Protest and the Will of the People in a Representative Democracy Daniel Gillion; 5. Evolving Dilemmas: Representative Democracy in the European Union Guri Rosen; 6. Progress and Failure in Achieving Equal Representation: Understanding Women's Office Holding by Party in the US Melody Crowder-Meyer; Part II. Representation and Responsiveness in Unequal Societies: 7. Reconsidering Representation: How the Same Data Can Produce Divergent Conclusions about the Quality of Democratic Responsiveness in the United States Peter K. Enns; 8. Party Politics or Public Opinion? Unequal Responsiveness of Policy-making Reconsidered Marius R. Busemeyer; 9. Unequal Representation and the Right-Wing Populist Vote in Europe Svenja Hense and Armin Schäfer; 10. What Do Voters Think About the Descriptive Underrepresentation of the Working Class? Nicholas Carnes and Noam Lupu; Part III. Polarization, New Cleavages and Shifts in Democratic Government: 11. Policy and Politics in Disjuncture Jane Gingrich and Ben Ansell; 12. The Effect of Polarization on Cabinet Formation and Termination in European Democracies, 1945–2019 Henning Bergmann and Thomas Saalfeld; 13. Is Populism a Threat or a Chance for Representative Democracy? Michael Zürn; Part IV. Constitutional Crisis and Institutional Reform: 14. Deliberative Innovations and the (Re-) Inclusion of Disadvantaged and Disaffected Citizens André Bächtiger and Vanessa Schwaiger; 15. Electoral Democracies and Democratic Innovations: An Agenda Mark E. Warren.

'Concerns about the capacity of liberal democratic institutions to solve pressing social problems while adequately representing the interests of ordinary citizens are on the rise. Consequently, authoritarian alternatives of both the populist and technocratic variety are resurgent. This volume deftly combines democratic theory and empirical evidence to reassess the state of liberal democracy and suggest reforms to support of its preservation.' Nolan McCarty, Princeton University