Balázs Majtényi is Researcher, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Legal Studies, and Associate Professor, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Social Sciences.György Majtényi is a historian and professor at Eszterházy Károly University of Applied Sciences. His research interests include history of the dominant elite in Hungary during state socialism and Roma social history.

• Acknowledgments, Introduction, Contexts of Gypsy/Roma identity and history, On the sources of Gypsy/Roma history Who (what) is (was) Hungarian or Gypsy/Roma? “Comrades, If You Have a Heart…” The History of the Gypsy Issue, 1945–1961 The construction and spread of the state socialist system Policy and Gypsies Modernization and Gypsy communities Disciplinary state The impossibility of self-organization Minority issue Discourses on social policy and equality “Life Goes On…” The Hungarian Party-State and Assimilation Social policy and the Gypsies: Wage work - Housing - Social system - Education Scientific approaches Gypsy images The transformation of discourse Disciplinary power, disciplinary society: Police and agents - Health supervisors The national minority issue National movement The “ethnic interpretation” of history Roma Policy after the Regime Change Minority issue Prospects for multiculturalism Minority (self-)government? Divide at impera — The opportunities and impossibilities of self-organization Civic movement National minority culture — national culture Questions of equal treatment and equal opportunity: Anti-discrimination - Equal opportunity Roma programs: Education - Employment Social policy and the Roma: Aid - Segregation Disciplinary society, The transformation of discourses Research methods Panopticon: Roma Policy, 2010–2015 The Hungarian National Cooperation System The anti-egalitarian character of the system Changing minority legislation New social policy? Violence The shift Summary: Decades of Exclusion, Bibliography, List of Photographs, Index

"Amid reignited identity struggles the book serves as a needed antidote to the essentialist and antagonizing public discourse that not only distorts the concept of a nation but also threatens the very rights and well-being of the Hungarian Roma minority. It is hence a useful tool for all those engaged in the field of human rights and Romani studies, but also serves as a helpful guide to anyone interested in modern Hungary and its exciting history. The well-established Hungarian scholars, Balázs Majtényi and György Majtényi, combine their extensive legal and historical expertise to examine the formation, interpretation, and implementation of inclusion policies and the management of minorities in the country."

Balázs Majtényi is Researcher, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Legal Studies, and Associate Professor, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Social Sciences.György Majtényi is a historian and professor at Eszterházy Károly University of Applied Sciences. His research interests include history of the dominant elite in Hungary during state socialism and Roma social history.

• Acknowledgments, Introduction, Contexts of Gypsy/Roma identity and history, On the sources of Gypsy/Roma history Who (what) is (was) Hungarian or Gypsy/Roma? “Comrades, If You Have a Heart…” The History of the Gypsy Issue, 1945–1961 The construction and spread of the state socialist system Policy and Gypsies Modernization and Gypsy communities Disciplinary state The impossibility of self-organization Minority issue Discourses on social policy and equality “Life Goes On…” The Hungarian Party-State and Assimilation Social policy and the Gypsies: Wage work - Housing - Social system - Education Scientific approaches Gypsy images The transformation of discourse Disciplinary power, disciplinary society: Police and agents - Health supervisors The national minority issue National movement The “ethnic interpretation” of history Roma Policy after the Regime Change Minority issue Prospects for multiculturalism Minority (self-)government? Divide at impera — The opportunities and impossibilities of self-organization Civic movement National minority culture — national culture Questions of equal treatment and equal opportunity: Anti-discrimination - Equal opportunity Roma programs: Education - Employment Social policy and the Roma: Aid - Segregation Disciplinary society, The transformation of discourses Research methods Panopticon: Roma Policy, 2010–2015 The Hungarian National Cooperation System The anti-egalitarian character of the system Changing minority legislation New social policy? Violence The shift Summary: Decades of Exclusion, Bibliography, List of Photographs, Index

"Amid reignited identity struggles the book serves as a needed antidote to the essentialist and antagonizing public discourse that not only distorts the concept of a nation but also threatens the very rights and well-being of the Hungarian Roma minority. It is hence a useful tool for all those engaged in the field of human rights and Romani studies, but also serves as a helpful guide to anyone interested in modern Hungary and its exciting history. The well-established Hungarian scholars, Balázs Majtényi and György Majtényi, combine their extensive legal and historical expertise to examine the formation, interpretation, and implementation of inclusion policies and the management of minorities in the country."

Balázs Majtényi is Researcher, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Centre for Social Sciences, Institute for Legal Studies, and Associate Professor, Eötvös Loránd University, Faculty of Social Sciences.György Majtényi is a historian and professor at Eszterházy Károly University of Applied Sciences. His research interests include history of the dominant elite in Hungary during state socialism and Roma social history.

• Acknowledgments, Introduction, Contexts of Gypsy/Roma identity and history, On the sources of Gypsy/Roma history Who (what) is (was) Hungarian or Gypsy/Roma? “Comrades, If You Have a Heart…” The History of the Gypsy Issue, 1945–1961 The construction and spread of the state socialist system Policy and Gypsies Modernization and Gypsy communities Disciplinary state The impossibility of self-organization Minority issue Discourses on social policy and equality “Life Goes On…” The Hungarian Party-State and Assimilation Social policy and the Gypsies: Wage work - Housing - Social system - Education Scientific approaches Gypsy images The transformation of discourse Disciplinary power, disciplinary society: Police and agents - Health supervisors The national minority issue National movement The “ethnic interpretation” of history Roma Policy after the Regime Change Minority issue Prospects for multiculturalism Minority (self-)government? Divide at impera — The opportunities and impossibilities of self-organization Civic movement National minority culture — national culture Questions of equal treatment and equal opportunity: Anti-discrimination - Equal opportunity Roma programs: Education - Employment Social policy and the Roma: Aid - Segregation Disciplinary society, The transformation of discourses Research methods Panopticon: Roma Policy, 2010–2015 The Hungarian National Cooperation System The anti-egalitarian character of the system Changing minority legislation New social policy? Violence The shift Summary: Decades of Exclusion, Bibliography, List of Photographs, Index

"Amid reignited identity struggles the book serves as a needed antidote to the essentialist and antagonizing public discourse that not only distorts the concept of a nation but also threatens the very rights and well-being of the Hungarian Roma minority. It is hence a useful tool for all those engaged in the field of human rights and Romani studies, but also serves as a helpful guide to anyone interested in modern Hungary and its exciting history. The well-established Hungarian scholars, Balázs Majtényi and György Majtényi, combine their extensive legal and historical expertise to examine the formation, interpretation, and implementation of inclusion policies and the management of minorities in the country."