MARK R. V. SOUTHERN teaches at Middlebury College in the Department of German and the Program in Classical Studies. He specializes in historical and Indo-European linguistics, language contact and sociolinguistics, German and the Germanic languages, Greek and Latin linguistics, the pre-Islamic Middle East, and Sanskrit. He is a contributor to Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity Greenwood Publishing Group (2001).

• Prefatory Note: Definitions Introduction Binomial Dismissive Pairs in Yiddish Expressive Function: Definitions and Range Turkic/Altaic Evidence: Productive M-Initial Echo-Building Iranian Evidence: Modern Persian, Golden-Age Persian, Ossetic Evidence of Turkish-Influenced Judezmo (Judeo-Spanish) Slavic and Balkan Evidence South Asian Evidence Basque Evidence: A Typological Parallel Labial-Initial Disparaging/Collective Echo Pairs and Contact Diffusion From M- to Shm- 1: Expressive or Phonologically Marked Sibilant Boundary-Demarcators in Germanic From M- to Shm- 2: Syntactically Tight Pairs in Germanic Conclusion: A Contact-Driven Yiddish Innovation Appendix: "Polycausal" Reinforcement: Four Comparative Case Studies Endnotes References Abstract Tables

MARK R. V. SOUTHERN teaches at Middlebury College in the Department of German and the Program in Classical Studies. He specializes in historical and Indo-European linguistics, language contact and sociolinguistics, German and the Germanic languages, Greek and Latin linguistics, the pre-Islamic Middle East, and Sanskrit. He is a contributor to Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity Greenwood Publishing Group (2001).

• Prefatory Note: Definitions Introduction Binomial Dismissive Pairs in Yiddish Expressive Function: Definitions and Range Turkic/Altaic Evidence: Productive M-Initial Echo-Building Iranian Evidence: Modern Persian, Golden-Age Persian, Ossetic Evidence of Turkish-Influenced Judezmo (Judeo-Spanish) Slavic and Balkan Evidence South Asian Evidence Basque Evidence: A Typological Parallel Labial-Initial Disparaging/Collective Echo Pairs and Contact Diffusion From M- to Shm- 1: Expressive or Phonologically Marked Sibilant Boundary-Demarcators in Germanic From M- to Shm- 2: Syntactically Tight Pairs in Germanic Conclusion: A Contact-Driven Yiddish Innovation Appendix: "Polycausal" Reinforcement: Four Comparative Case Studies Endnotes References Abstract Tables

MARK R. V. SOUTHERN teaches at Middlebury College in the Department of German and the Program in Classical Studies. He specializes in historical and Indo-European linguistics, language contact and sociolinguistics, German and the Germanic languages, Greek and Latin linguistics, the pre-Islamic Middle East, and Sanskrit. He is a contributor to Archaeology, Language, and History: Essays on Culture and Ethnicity Greenwood Publishing Group (2001).

• Prefatory Note: Definitions Introduction Binomial Dismissive Pairs in Yiddish Expressive Function: Definitions and Range Turkic/Altaic Evidence: Productive M-Initial Echo-Building Iranian Evidence: Modern Persian, Golden-Age Persian, Ossetic Evidence of Turkish-Influenced Judezmo (Judeo-Spanish) Slavic and Balkan Evidence South Asian Evidence Basque Evidence: A Typological Parallel Labial-Initial Disparaging/Collective Echo Pairs and Contact Diffusion From M- to Shm- 1: Expressive or Phonologically Marked Sibilant Boundary-Demarcators in Germanic From M- to Shm- 2: Syntactically Tight Pairs in Germanic Conclusion: A Contact-Driven Yiddish Innovation Appendix: "Polycausal" Reinforcement: Four Comparative Case Studies Endnotes References Abstract Tables