Constitutional and Administrative Law

Alex Carroll, MPhil, LLB, Cert Ed, was formerly Senior Lecturer in Law at Manchester Metropolitan University.  He has also taught at the University of Manchester, Keele University and the University of Hong Kong.

• Contents Table of cases                                                                                                                                                          Table of statues                                                                                                                                                      Table of treaties andconventions                                                                                                                   Preface                                                                                                                                                                      Foreword                                                                                                                                                                  Acknowledgements                                                                                                                                              Part 1 Foundations of the British system of constitutional and administrative law Chapter 1 Introduction toconstitutional and administrative law                                                       Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  What is a constitution?                                                                                                                                            The British constitution                                                                                                                                           The cultural dimension                                                                                                                                            Distinguishing between constitutional law andadministrative law                                                                The terminology of constitutional and administrativelaw                                                                               The geography of the constitution                                                                                                                        The European dimension                                                                                                                                        Summary                                                                                                                                                                    Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 2 The characteristicsof the constitution                                                                                     Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               The unwritten constitution                                                                                                                                     Flexibility                                                                                                                                                                    Unitary                                                                                                                                                                        Constitutional monarchy                                                                                                                                         Bicameral sovereign Parliament                                                                                                                            Representative democracy                                                                                                                                     Responsible government                                                                                                                                        The European Convention on Human Rights                                                                                                      Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 3 Fundamentalconstitutional doctrines                                                                                      Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  The Rule of Law                                                                                                                                                         The Rule of Law in the United Kingdom                                                                                                               The separation of powers                                                                                                                                       The legislative supremacy of the Westminster Parliament                                                                              Application                                                                                                                                                                 Possible legal limitations                                                                                                                                         Political restraints                                                                                                                                                     The relation between EU law and Acts of Parliament                                                                                       Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 4 Sources ofconstitutional and administrative law                                                                 Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               Legislation                                                                                                                                                                  Judicial decisions                                                                                                                                                       Constitutional conventions                                                                                                                                     European Convention on Human Rights                                                                                                              The law and custom of Parliament                                                                                                                        Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Part 2 The United Kingdom and the European Union Chapter 5 The EuropeanUnion: British membership, institutions of government and sourcesof law                                                                                                                  Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Part A: Origins anddevelopment                                                                                                                    The birth of the European ideal                                                                                                                             Structural foundations of the European Union                                                                                                   Part B: Institutions of lawand government                                                                                                 Structural outline                                                                                                                                                      Part C: Sources of law                                                                                                                                          Primary EU law                                                                                                                                                          Secondary EU law                                                                                                                                                     Chapter 6 Brexit (Britishwithdrawal from the European Union)                                                         Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Why the UK left the EuropeanUnion                                                                                                             Attitudes towards Europe                                                                                                                                       The road to the referendum of 2016                                                                                                                    The leaving process: TEU Article 50                                                                                                                      Brexit case law                                                                                                                                                        The Miller case                                                                                                                                                          The Wilson case                                                                                                                                                        Legislation for withdrawal:the key legal instruments                                                                             The EU (Withdrawal) Act 2018                                                                                                                               Status and amendment of EU retained law                                                                                                         The EU-UK WithdrawalAgreement 2020                                                                                                     The legal basis                                                                                                                                                           The EU (WithdrawalAgreement) Act 2020                                                                                                  General content                                                                                                                                                        Key provisions                                                                                                                                                           The European Union andUnited Kingdom Trade and Cooperation Agreement 2020                 Background, purposes and general content                                                                                                        Law enforcement and judicial cooperation                                                                                                         Governance and institutional structure                                                                                                               Disputes procedure                                                                                                                                                  The European Union (FutureRelationship) Act 2020                                                                               Background                                                                                                                                                                General objectives                                                                                                                                                    Implementation by regulation and the powers given toMinisters                                                                 Comment                                                                                                                                                                   Part 3 The composition and workings of Parliament Chapter 7 The franchise andthe electorate                                                                                                Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               Qualifications                                                                                                                                                            Casting the vote                                                                                                                                                        Disqualifications                                                                                                                                                        Special categories of voters                                                                                                                                    Summary                                                                                                                                                                    Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 8 The House ofCommons: Members of Parliament                                                                Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Disqualifications                                                                                                                                                        Effects of disqualification                                                                                                                                        Role and functions of MPs                                                                                                                                      The relationship between MP and party                                                                                                              The Recall of MPs Act 2015                                                                                                                                    Gender, ethnicity, background and related matters                                                                                         Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 9 The House ofCommons: principal functions                                                                          Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               Legislation                                                                                                                                                                  Scrutiny of executive action                                                                                                                                   Scottish and Welsh affairs at Westminster                                                                                                          Northern Irish affairs at Westminster                                                                                                                   Financial proceedings                                                                                                                                              Other functions of the House of Commons                                                                                                         Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 10 The House ofLords                                                                                                                        Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Origins and composition                                                                                                                                         Types of peers                                                                                                                                                           Disclaimer and disqualifications                                                                                                                            Attendance                                                                                                                                                                Functions                                                                                                                                                                    Proposals for reform                                                                                                                                                Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 11 Parliamentaryprivilege                                                                                                                Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Nature and sources                                                                                                                                                  Freedom of speech                                                                                                                                                   Freedom from arrest                                                                                                                                                Right of the House to regulate its own composition                                                                                         Right of the House to regulate its internalproceedings                                                                                   Right of the House to punish for breach of privilegeand contempt of Parliament                                     The courts and parliamentary privilege                                                                                                               The courts and contempt                                                                                                                                        Parliamentary privilege and the European Convention onHuman Rights                                                    Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Part 4 The Executive Chapter 12 The PrimeMinister and Cabinet                                                                                               Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               Choosing a Prime Minister                                                                                                                                      The powers of the Prime Minister                                                                                                                         Factors contributing to the power of the PrimeMinister                                                                                 Limits on Prime Ministerial power                                                                                                                        The Cabinet                                                                                                                                                                The Ministerial Code of Conduct                                                                                                                           Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 13 The royalprerogative                                                                                                                    Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Nature and significance                                                                                                                                           Principal remaining prerogatives                                                                                                                           The prerogative and statute                                                                                                                                   The prerogative and the courts                                                                                                                             Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 14 Legal liabilityof the Crown and public authorities                                                             Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction: the Crown                                                                                                                                          Public authorities generally                                                                                                                                    Negligence and statutory powers                                                                                                                          Remedies                                                                                                                                                                    Public interest immunity                                                                                                                                         Public interest immunity and criminal proceedings                                                                                           Public interest immunity and national security                                                                                                  Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Part 5 Judicial supervision of executive power Chapter 15 Judicial review:nature and grounds for                                                                                 Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  The nature of judicial review                                                                                                                                  Judicial review and constitutional fundamentals                                                                                               The scope of judicial review                                                                                                                                   Power and jurisdiction                                                                                                                                             Review and appeal contrasted                                                                                                                               Grounds for judicial review                                                                                                                                     Illegality                                                                                                                                                                      Jurisdictional control                                                                                                                                                Control of discretion                                                                                                                                                Reasonableness, rationality and proportionality                                                                                                Procedural impropriety                                                                                                                                           Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 16 Judicial review:applications for, exclusion of, and exclusivity                                      Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Applying for judicial review                                                                                                                                    The procedure                                                                                                                                                           Remedies                                                                                                                                                                    Relator proceedings                                                                                                                                                 Exclusion of judicial review and ouster clauses                                                                                                  Subjectively worded powers                                                                                                                                  Alternative remedies                                                                                                                                               Justiciability                                                                                                                                                               Exclusivity                                                                                                                                                                   The rule in O'Reillyv Mackman                                                                                                                             Judicial review and contractual powers                                                                                                               Judicial review beyond statutory or prerogative powers                                                                                 Summary                                                                                                                                                                    Reference                                                                                                                                                                   Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Part 6 Human rights Chapter 17 The EuropeanConvention on Human Rights                                                                       Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               Formulation                                                                                                                                                               The European Court of Human Rights                                                                                                                  General principles of European human rights law                                                                                             The rights protected by the Convention                                                                                                              Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 18 The Human RightsAct 1998                                                                                                       Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Freedom versus rights                                                                                                                                             Objectives of the 1998 Act                                                                                                                                      Principal provisions                                                                                                                                                  Extra-territorial effect                                                                                                                                              Human rights and judicial review                                                                                                                          Application of the Human Rights Act                                                                                                                    Derogation from the Human Rights Act                                                                                                               Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 19 Police powers,personal liberty and privacy                                                                         Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Personal freedom                                                                                                                                                     Stop and search                                                                                                                                                        Arrest                                                                                                                                                                          Detention and questioning                                                                                                                                     Interviewing suspects                                                                                                                                              Inadmissible evidence                                                                                                                                              Entry, search and seizure                                                                                                                                        Surveillance                                                                                                                                                                Remedies for police malpractice                                                                                                                           Police Community Support Officers                                                                                                                      Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 20 Restrictions onthe rights of freedom of assembly and association                            Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction: the freedoms defined                                                                                                                     Statutory restrictions on marches and assemblies                                                                                            Common law preventative powers                                                                                                                       Statutory public order offences                                                                                                                             Other relevant statutory offences                                                                                                                         Common law offences                                                                                                                                             Summary                                                                                                                                                                    Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 21 Restrictions onthe rights of freedom of expression and information                        Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Introduction                                                                                                                                                               Freedom of expression and the mass media                                                                                                       Freedom of expression, obscenity and pornography                                                                                        Freedom of expression and the administration ofjustice                                                                                Freedom of expression, public order and nationalsecurity                                                                             Freedom of information and data protection                                                                                                     Freedom of expression, the internet and the law oftort                                                                                 Freedom of expression, the internet and the criminallaw                                                                              Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Chapter 22 Freedom andemergency powers                                                                                             Objectives                                                                                                                                                                  Emergency powers in general                                                                                                                                Emergency powers in wartime                                                                                                                              Emergency powers and terrorism                                                                                                                         Counter-Terrorism and Security Act 2015                                                                                                           Emergency powers in peacetime                                                                                                                          Emergencies and the common law                                                                                                                       Summary                                                                                                                                                                    References                                                                                                                                                                 Further reading                                                                                                                                                         Glossary                                                                                                                                                                    Index