Ivan R. Scales is McGrath Lecturer in Human Geography, St Catharine’s College, University of Cambridge, UK.

• 1. Introduction: Conservation at the Crossroads: Biological Diversity, Environmental Change and Natural Resource Use in Madagascar Ivan R. Scales Part 1: Madagascar’s Biological Diversity: From Deep Time to the Arrival of Humans 2. Explaining Madagascar’s Biodiversity Jörg U. Ganzhorn, Lucienne Wilmé and Jean-Luc Mercier 3. Early Human Settlers and their Impact on Madagascar’s Landscapes Robert E. Dewar Part 2: Paradise Lost? The Myths, Narratives and Received Wisdoms at the Heart of Conservation Research and Policy 4. Deforestation in Madagascar: Debates over the Island’s Forest Cover and Challenges of Measuring Forest Change William J. McConnell and Christian A. Kull 5. The Drivers of Deforestation and the Complexity of Land Use in Madagascar Ivan R. Scales Part 3: The Politics of Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Management 6. A Brief History of the State and the Politics of Natural Resource use in Madagascar Ivan R. Scales 7. The Roots, Persistence, and Character of Madagascar’s Conservation Boom Christian A. Kull 8. The Transfer of Natural Resource Management Rights to Local Communities Jacques Pollini, Neal Hockley, Frank Muttenzer and Bruno Ramamonjisoa 9. Conservation Politics in Madagascar: The Expansion of Protected Areas Catherine Corson 10. The Durban Vision in practice: Experiences in the Participatory Governance of Madagascar’s New Protected Areas Malika Virah-Sawmy, Charlie J. Gardner and Nanie A. Ratsifandrihamanana Part 4: Making Conservation Pay? Incentive-Based Conservation, the Commodification of Madagascar’s nature and Conflicting Views of Landscape and Nature 11. Tourism, Conservation and Development in Madagascar: Moving Beyond Panaceas? Ivan R. Scales 12. Bioprospecting a Biodiversity Hotspot: The Political Economy of Natural Products Drug Discovery for Conservation Goals in Madagascar Benjamin D. Neimark and Laura M. Tilghman 13. Incentivising Forest Conservation: Payments for Environmental Services and Reducing Carbon Emissions from Deforestation Laura Brimont and Cécile Bidaud 14. Contrasting Visions of Nature and Landscapes Jeffrey C. Kaufmann 15. Conclusion: The Future of Biodiversity Conservation and Environmental Management in Madagascar: Lessons from the Past and Challenges Ahead Ivan R. Scales

"The relations between society and nature in Madagascar are complex and often misunderstood. This book offers new light on this subject by exploring the social, political and economic dimensions of conservation and development challenges." – W.M. Adams, Moran Professor of Conservation and Development, University of Cambridge, UK"The challenges laid down by Scales are a must read for those seeking to understand the current plight of the island and anyone with an interest in the environmental future of Madagascar... It is a timely text that should be required reading for anyone seeking to acquaint themselves with the environmental problems of Madagascar. The work offers very good socio-economic and political background on the island’s conservation history, and, with an eye to the future, the concluding chapter offers suggested research and policy priorities that need to be addressed." - Clive Nuttman in Conservation Biology (2015)"It tries to look at both the misinformation that has underlain much of the received wisdom on conservation in Madagascar, while also examining in considerable detail the politics of conservation and environmental management... In summary, a useful book." - Bulletin of the British Ecological Society"The volume is highly interdisciplinary and international, and its overarching concern is the sometimes cooperative, sometimes antagonistic relationship between environmental conservation and human development. Summing Up: Recommended. Graduate students and researchers/faculty." – CHOICE, W. Arens, Stony Brook University