Conscience and Authority in the Medieval Church

Born in Oxford, Alexander Murray was brought up until the age of 16 mainly in London, with a period of evacuation to Cumberland during the war. When he was 16, his barrister father inherited a farm in Cumberland, where he and his three brothers farmed in the holidays and boarded at Bedales during terms. At Bedales Murray learned to love history and music, with the consequence that, at 18, he had to choose between becoming a flautist in a professional orchestra or accepting a scholarship at New College Oxford. After hesitation, he chose the latter, and after two years' National Service (in the Royal Artillery) he continued his academic career. From graduate supervision work under R. W. Southern he went on to teach from 1961 to 1963 in Leeds University, and from 1963 to 1980 at Newcastle, not too far from the family farm. In 1980 he became a Fellow and Tutor at University College, Oxford. Except for interludes at Harvard and in Paris Murray has been there ever since.

• 1. Confession before 1215 ; 2. Confession as a historical source in the thirteenth century ; 3. Counselling in medieval confession ; 4. Archbishop and mendicants in thirteenth-century Pisa ; 5. Excommunication and Conscience in the Middle Ages

Alexander Murray is a master of the methods of history, and loves to search out the hidden voices in places that seemed silent ... Murray thus coaxes from his sources the histories of conscience from both the inside and from the outside and their interplay with each other. He also traces the shifting relationship between sin and crime as the church responded to the changing powers of the state.