Arthur C. Danto is Professor Emeritus of Philosophy at Columbia University and art critic for The Nation. He is a past president of the American Philosophical Association and the author of more than fifteen books, including Encounters and Reflections (California paperback, 1996) and Playing with the Edge: The Photographic Achievement of Robert Mapplethorpe (California, 1995).

• Preface (1997)Preface (1989)PART I The Singularity of Philosophical Thought1 Philosophy and Its History2 The Character of Philosophical Problems3 Two Sorts of Illusions4 Philosophical Kinds5 Philosophy as Pathology6 Wittgenstein and Plato7 Inside and Outside the World8 The Intelligibility of the World9 The Structures of Philosophical ThoughtPART I I Understanding10 Vehicles of Understanding11 Verification12 Feeling and Meaning13 Metaethical Controversy14 Two Views of Language15 The Empiricist Theory of Understanding16 Definition and Dialectic17 Analytic, Synthetic, A priori, A posteriori18 Totalistic Thought19 Geometry and RealityPART III Knowledge20 The Analysis of Knowledge21 Doubt, Dream, and Demon22 Thinking and Certainty23 Intemalism and Externalism24 The Ontological Argument25 The Notion of Existence26 Representationalism and Idealism27 Idealism, Realism, and Phenomenalism28 Matter, the World, and Philosophies of Knowledge29 Coherence and Reality30 Reality and RationalityPART IV The World31 Substance32 The Mind-Body Problem33 Persons34 Behaviorism and Functionalism35 Neurophilosophy36 Intentionality and Representational Materialism37 Representational Beings38 Causal Analysis39 Mental Causation40 The Realm of SpiritIndex