Connections for the Digital Age

E. Bryan Carne, PhD, has worked as a project engineer, manager, director, and general manager for contractors in military intelligence collection programs. Later, he directed telecommunications research programs and taught university-level courses in signal analysis. Dr. Carne is a Life Senior Member of IEEE, has authored more than thirty papers and articles, and has published five books on communication and artificial intelligence.

• Preface xiii 1 A Digital World 11.1 Digital Natives and Immigrants 31.2 Contemporary Communications 61.2.1 Public Switched Telephone Network 71.2.2 The Internet 111.2.3 Enterprise Networks 161.2.4 Off-Air and Cable Television 171.2.5 Radio Broadcasting 181.3 Triple-Play Services 201.4 Contemporary Facilities 201.5 Competition 211.5.1 Legacy Telcos 211.5.2 Legacy Cellcos 231.5.3 Legacy Cablecos 231.5.4 The Dominance of the Internet 231.6 The Business of Multimedia Services 241.6.1 Residential Market Development 241.6.2 Evolving Networks 251.6.3 New Business Models 261.7 Next Generation Networks 271.7.1 Current Activities 281.7.2 EUIST Wireless World Initiative 292 Signal Formats 312.1 Digital Voice 322.1.1 Waveform Sampling 322.1.2 Plesiochronous and Synchronous Hierarchies 342.1.3 Processing to Achieve Lower Bit Rate Coding 362.1.4 Aural Modeling 362.1.5 Vocal Tract Modeling 372.2 Digital Audio 382.3 Digital Pictures 392.3.1 Computer Graphics 392.3.2 Still Scenes 392.4 Digital Video 412.4.1 MPEG 2 412.4.2 MPEG 4 432.4.3 MPEG 7 432.4.4 Digital TV Systems 432.5 Text 462.6 A Common Signal Format 472.7 Modulated Signals 472.7.1 Single-Carrier Modulation 472.7.2 Spread Spectrum Techniques 502.7.3 Multicarrier Modulation 522.8 Optical Fiber Transmission 542.8.1 Single Mode Fiber 552.8.2 Step Index and Graded Index Fibers 552.8.3 Optical Amplifi ers 552.8.4 Optical Modulation 572.8.5 RF over Glass 582.9 Legacy Signal Formats 582.9.1 Packet Relay 582.9.2 Frame Relay 592.9.3 Cell Relay–Asynchronous Transfer Mode 603 Frames, TCP/IP, and VoIP 633.1 OSI Client-Server Model 643.2 Internet Model 663.2.1 Transport Layer 683.2.2 Internet Layer 703.2.3 Private Addresses 733.2.4 Link Layer 743.3 VoIP 753.3.1 Generating VoIP Packets 753.3.2 VoIP Performance 763.3.3 Real-Time Transport Protocol 783.3.4 H.323 Session Control Protocol 783.3.5 SIP Session Initiation Protocol 833.3.6 H.323 versus SIP 864 Carrier Ethernet 874.1 Ethernet Operation 894.1.1 Bridging Ethernets 904.1.2 Redundant Coding 904.1.3 Frame Extensions 914.2 Quality of Service 934.2.1 Integrated Services Framework 944.2.2 Differentiated Services Framework 954.2.3 Fairness 964.3 Carrier-Grade Ethernet 964.3.1 Bridges 984.4 Multiprotocol Label Switching 1014.4.1 MPLS–Traffi c Engineering 1024.4.2 Generalized MPLS 1034.4.3 PBB-TE and MPLS-TE 1034.4.4 Protection, Restoration, Resilience, and OA&M 1034.5 Pseudowires 1054.5.1 PWE3 Encapsulation 1054.5.2 Provisioning Pseudowires 1085 Wire, Fiber, Cable, and Wireless Access 1115.1 Digital Subscriber Lines 1125.1.1 Representative DSL Systems 1145.1.2 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer 1155.1.3 Ethernet in the Access Network 1175.2 Optical Fiber 1185.2.1 Optical Fiber Access Links 1195.2.2 Passive Optical Fiber Access Network 1195.2.3 EPON and GPON 1215.3 Cable Access 1215.3.1 Cable Industry Statistics 1225.3.2 Cable Network Architecture 1225.3.3 Cable Connections 1245.3.4 Data Over Cable 1255.3.5 Video Headend 1265.3.6 PacketCable 1275.4 Wireless Access 1295.4.1 IEEE 802.11 Wireless LAN Medium Access Control and Physical Layer Specifi cations 1305.4.2 Wireless LAN 1355.4.3 WiFi 1355.4.4 Bluetooth 1375.4.5 IEEE 802.16 Air Interface for Fixed/Mobile Broadband Wireless Access Systems 1375.4.6 WiMAX 1396 Mobile Phones 1436.1 First Generation Cellular Systems 1446.2 The Air Interface 1466.3 Roaming and Handover 1476.4 Second Generation 1486.4.1 Global System for Mobile Telecommunication 1486.4.2 IS-136 1496.4.3 IS-95 (cdmaOne) 1506.5 Third Generation 1506.5.1 Third Generation Partnership Project 1516.5.2 Third Generation Partnership Project 2 1626.6 Fourth Generation 1686.6.1 Long-Term Evolution 1686.6.2 IMT–Advanced 1706.6.3 Seamless Mobility 1716.6.4 Multiple Antennas 1726.7 Backhaul 1736.8 Satellite Mobile Phones 1736.9 Skype 1747 Future Networks and Services 1757.1 IPTV 1767.1.1 IPTV Network 1777.1.2 IPTV Architectural Requirements 1797.1.3 IPTV Middleware 1817.2 Networked Home 1847.2.1 G.hn 1857.2.2 HomeGrid Forum 1867.2.3 Multimedia Over Coax Alliance 1867.2.4 Home Plug Powerline Alliance 1867.2.5 Wi-Fi and Femtocells 1877.3 Next Generation Networks 1877.3.1 TISPAN NGN 1887.3.2 Next Generation Cable Architecture 1927.4 Omnibus Broadband Initiative 1937.5 The Digital Future 1947.5.1 The Activities of Digital Natives and Digital Immigrants 1947.5.2 Advanced Terminals 1987.5.3 Future Requirements 2007.5.4 Provider Perspective 2007.5.5 Implications for Digital Natives 202Appendix A Security 203A.1 Security Techniques 203A.1.1 Authentication and Authorization 204A.1.2 Privacy 204A.1.3 Integrity 204A.1.4 Nonrepudiation 204A.2 Cryptography 205A.2.1 Symmetrical Cryptosystem 205A.2.2 Asymmetrical Cryptosystem 205A.2.3 Digital Signatures 207A.2.4 Certifi cation Authority 207A.3 Specifi c Techniques 208A.3.1 Wired Equivalent Privacy 208A.3.2 Wi-Fi Protected Access v.2 209A.3.3 Advanced Encryption Standard 209A.3.4 Firewall 210A.3.5 Viruses, Trojans, and Worms 210Appendix B Protocols 213Abbreviations 219Glossary 229Index 251