Edited by Charlotte C.L. Wagenaar, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Political Science and Public Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Take Sipma and Frank Hendriks, Department of Public Law and Governance, Tilburg University, the Netherlands

• ContentsPART I INTRODUCTION TO HYBRIDS OF VOTING ANDDELIBERATION1 Introduction: combining voting and deliberation indemocratic innovations 2Take Sipma, Charlotte Wagenaar and Frank Hendriks2 Hybrid combinations of deliberation and voting: an illustratedtypology and initial expectations 18Charlotte Wagenaar and Ank MichelsPART II EMPIRICAL INSTANCES: DESIGNS AND LESSONS3 The Irish model of hybrid democratic innovations 38David M. Farrell4 Deliberation before voting: Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR)in Switzerland 52Andri Heimann, Daniel Kübler, Victor Sanchez-Mazas,Nenad Stojanović and Francesco Veri5 Complementing a deliberative mini-public with aParticipatory Value Evaluation. Initial lessons learned fromfour cases in the Netherlands 70Niek Mouter6 Digital hybrid democratic innovations: participation, debateand voting in Decidim Barcelona and Decide Madrid 87Rosa Borge7 A nationwide hybrid participatory budgeting: mixing massparticipation with civil society representation 106Fernando Souza and Rafael Cardoso Sampaio8 Balancing voice and vote: the evolving design of ParticipatoryBudgeting new-style in two Flemish cities 123Lieven BoelenPART III PERSPECTIVES OF CITIZENS, POLITICIANS ANDCIVIL SERVANTS9 Citizen support for hybrid democratic innovations: results of asurvey experiment 141Take Sipma and Josje den Ridder10 Wait, this is not what I wanted! Populist attitudes andpreferences for hybrid democratic innovations 155Kristof Jacobs11 Perceived legitimacy of hybrid democratic innovations:the role of political engagement, political enragement anddetailed process awareness 168Jelle Turkenburg12 Perceived inclusion among participants of hybrid democraticinnovations 186Julia Starrenburg13 Politicians and hybrid democratic innovations: an uneasy fitor a match made in heaven? 203Stella Koenen and Carolien van Ham14 Civil servants and the administrative shaping of hybriddemocratic innovations 220Krista EttlingerPART IV REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ON HYBRIDDESIGNS15 In hybrid spaces 242Michael Saward16 Innovation, hybridity and integration 250Simone Chambers17 Digital and democratic dimensions of hybrid innovations 260John Gastil, Andrea Felicetti and Matt Ryan18 Conclusion: opportunities and challenges of combining votingand deliberation in democratic innovations 270Charlotte Wagenaar, Take Sipma and Frank Hendriks

‘This timely volume offers an original framework for understanding how deliberation and voting can be combined in innovative ways. Drawing on insightful conceptualization, a wide range of case studies and novel evidence on citizens’ and politicians’ perspectives, it shows how hybrid designs can enhance democratic legitimacy and strengthen the future of democratic governance. The findings of this book will be of value not only to the academic community, but also to policymakers, politicians and practitioners who aim to revitalize democratic engagement with innovative forms of participation.’

Edited by Charlotte C.L. Wagenaar, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Political Science and Public Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Take Sipma and Frank Hendriks, Department of Public Law and Governance, Tilburg University, the Netherlands

• ContentsPART I INTRODUCTION TO HYBRIDS OF VOTING ANDDELIBERATION1 Introduction: combining voting and deliberation indemocratic innovations 2Take Sipma, Charlotte Wagenaar and Frank Hendriks2 Hybrid combinations of deliberation and voting: an illustratedtypology and initial expectations 18Charlotte Wagenaar and Ank MichelsPART II EMPIRICAL INSTANCES: DESIGNS AND LESSONS3 The Irish model of hybrid democratic innovations 38David M. Farrell4 Deliberation before voting: Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR)in Switzerland 52Andri Heimann, Daniel Kübler, Victor Sanchez-Mazas,Nenad Stojanović and Francesco Veri5 Complementing a deliberative mini-public with aParticipatory Value Evaluation. Initial lessons learned fromfour cases in the Netherlands 70Niek Mouter6 Digital hybrid democratic innovations: participation, debateand voting in Decidim Barcelona and Decide Madrid 87Rosa Borge7 A nationwide hybrid participatory budgeting: mixing massparticipation with civil society representation 106Fernando Souza and Rafael Cardoso Sampaio8 Balancing voice and vote: the evolving design of ParticipatoryBudgeting new-style in two Flemish cities 123Lieven BoelenPART III PERSPECTIVES OF CITIZENS, POLITICIANS ANDCIVIL SERVANTS9 Citizen support for hybrid democratic innovations: results of asurvey experiment 141Take Sipma and Josje den Ridder10 Wait, this is not what I wanted! Populist attitudes andpreferences for hybrid democratic innovations 155Kristof Jacobs11 Perceived legitimacy of hybrid democratic innovations:the role of political engagement, political enragement anddetailed process awareness 168Jelle Turkenburg12 Perceived inclusion among participants of hybrid democraticinnovations 186Julia Starrenburg13 Politicians and hybrid democratic innovations: an uneasy fitor a match made in heaven? 203Stella Koenen and Carolien van Ham14 Civil servants and the administrative shaping of hybriddemocratic innovations 220Krista EttlingerPART IV REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ON HYBRIDDESIGNS15 In hybrid spaces 242Michael Saward16 Innovation, hybridity and integration 250Simone Chambers17 Digital and democratic dimensions of hybrid innovations 260John Gastil, Andrea Felicetti and Matt Ryan18 Conclusion: opportunities and challenges of combining votingand deliberation in democratic innovations 270Charlotte Wagenaar, Take Sipma and Frank Hendriks

‘This timely volume offers an original framework for understanding how deliberation and voting can be combined in innovative ways. Drawing on insightful conceptualization, a wide range of case studies and novel evidence on citizens’ and politicians’ perspectives, it shows how hybrid designs can enhance democratic legitimacy and strengthen the future of democratic governance. The findings of this book will be of value not only to the academic community, but also to policymakers, politicians and practitioners who aim to revitalize democratic engagement with innovative forms of participation.’

Edited by Charlotte C.L. Wagenaar, Faculty of Social Sciences and Humanities, Political Science and Public Administration, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Take Sipma and Frank Hendriks, Department of Public Law and Governance, Tilburg University, the Netherlands

• ContentsPART I INTRODUCTION TO HYBRIDS OF VOTING ANDDELIBERATION1 Introduction: combining voting and deliberation indemocratic innovations 2Take Sipma, Charlotte Wagenaar and Frank Hendriks2 Hybrid combinations of deliberation and voting: an illustratedtypology and initial expectations 18Charlotte Wagenaar and Ank MichelsPART II EMPIRICAL INSTANCES: DESIGNS AND LESSONS3 The Irish model of hybrid democratic innovations 38David M. Farrell4 Deliberation before voting: Citizens’ Initiative Review (CIR)in Switzerland 52Andri Heimann, Daniel Kübler, Victor Sanchez-Mazas,Nenad Stojanović and Francesco Veri5 Complementing a deliberative mini-public with aParticipatory Value Evaluation. Initial lessons learned fromfour cases in the Netherlands 70Niek Mouter6 Digital hybrid democratic innovations: participation, debateand voting in Decidim Barcelona and Decide Madrid 87Rosa Borge7 A nationwide hybrid participatory budgeting: mixing massparticipation with civil society representation 106Fernando Souza and Rafael Cardoso Sampaio8 Balancing voice and vote: the evolving design of ParticipatoryBudgeting new-style in two Flemish cities 123Lieven BoelenPART III PERSPECTIVES OF CITIZENS, POLITICIANS ANDCIVIL SERVANTS9 Citizen support for hybrid democratic innovations: results of asurvey experiment 141Take Sipma and Josje den Ridder10 Wait, this is not what I wanted! Populist attitudes andpreferences for hybrid democratic innovations 155Kristof Jacobs11 Perceived legitimacy of hybrid democratic innovations:the role of political engagement, political enragement anddetailed process awareness 168Jelle Turkenburg12 Perceived inclusion among participants of hybrid democraticinnovations 186Julia Starrenburg13 Politicians and hybrid democratic innovations: an uneasy fitor a match made in heaven? 203Stella Koenen and Carolien van Ham14 Civil servants and the administrative shaping of hybriddemocratic innovations 220Krista EttlingerPART IV REFLECTIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ON HYBRIDDESIGNS15 In hybrid spaces 242Michael Saward16 Innovation, hybridity and integration 250Simone Chambers17 Digital and democratic dimensions of hybrid innovations 260John Gastil, Andrea Felicetti and Matt Ryan18 Conclusion: opportunities and challenges of combining votingand deliberation in democratic innovations 270Charlotte Wagenaar, Take Sipma and Frank Hendriks

‘This timely volume offers an original framework for understanding how deliberation and voting can be combined in innovative ways. Drawing on insightful conceptualization, a wide range of case studies and novel evidence on citizens’ and politicians’ perspectives, it shows how hybrid designs can enhance democratic legitimacy and strengthen the future of democratic governance. The findings of this book will be of value not only to the academic community, but also to policymakers, politicians and practitioners who aim to revitalize democratic engagement with innovative forms of participation.’