Concise Handbook of Fluorocarbon Gases

Sina Ebnesajjad founded FluoroConsultants Group in 2006 after retiring from the DuPont Fluoroproducts with over 23 years of service. He has been a student of commercial fluorocarbon gases and their evolution since the discovery of the ozone hole. His main areas of specialty include fluoropolymer technologies including preparation and use of fluorinated monomers and polymers and surface modification of materials. He is the author, editor and co-author of more than 15 technical books including 3 titles on surface treatment of materials and adhesives and 7 titles on fluoropolymers.

• Preface xi1 Introduction 11.1 Terminology 11.2 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorocarbons 31.2.1 Refrigerants: Market Trends and Supply Chain Assessment 31.2.2 Fluorocarbon Consumption Demand 61.3 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoropolymers 71.4 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluoroelastomers 91.5 Production and Consumption Statistics of Fluorinated Coatings 91.6 Specialty Fluorochemicals 10References 102 Classification and Description of Commercial Fluorinated Compounds 132.1 Fluorine and Fluorochemicals 132.2 Fluorocarbons 132.3 Designations for Fluorocarbons 152.4 Fluoropolymers and Fluoroelastomers 222.4.1 Fluoropolymers 232.4.2 Fluoroelastomers 242.5 Fluorinated Coatings 262.6 Summary 27References 273 Fluorine Sources and Basic Fluorocarbon Reactions 293.1 Role of Fluorine in Fluorocarbons 293.2 Fluorine Sources 303.3 Fluorocarbon Compounds 343.4 Hydrofluoric Acid 343.4.1 Manufacturing Hydrofluoric Acid 343.5 Aliphatic Fluorinated Organic Compounds 353.6 Synthesis of Fluorocarbons 36References 384 Applications of Fluorocarbon Gases and Liquids 414.1 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning 414.1.1 Refrigeration Applications 464.1.1.1 Chillers 464.1.1.2 Cold Storage Warehouses 464.1.1.3 Commercial Ice Machines 474.1.1.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers 474.1.1.5 Ice Skating Rinks 484.1.1.6 Industrial Process Air Conditioning 484.1.1.7 Industrial Process Refrigeration 484.1.1.8 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning 484.1.1.9 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems 484.1.1.10 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps 484.1.1.11 Residential Dehumidifiers 484.1.1.12 Refrigerated Transport 494.1.1.13 Retail Food Refrigeration 494.1.1.14 Vending Machines 494.1.1.15 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration 494.1.1.16 Water Coolers 494.2 Oil in Refrigerants 494.2.1 Oil Return 514.3 Monomers and Intermediates 514.4 Foam Blowing 524.4.1 Foam Blowing Agents 524.4.2 Foaming Process 544.4.3 Flexible Polyurethane Foams 594.5 Aerosol Propellants 604.6 Fire Extinguishing Agents 614.6.1 Aerospace Fire Extinguishing 634.7 Cleaning and Drying Solvents 664.8 Carrier Fluids/Lubricant Deposition 704.9 Heat Transfer 714.10 Etchants 724.10.1 What is Etching? 724.10.2 Fluorocarbon Etchants 724.11 Medical Applications 744.11.1 Enfluorane 764.11.2 Isoflurane 774.11.3 Desflurane 774.11.4 Sevoflurane 784.11.5 Methoxyflurane 794.12 Usage of HCFCs and HFCs 794.12.1 Introduction 804.13 Breakdown of Fluorocarbons in Applications 804.14 Summary 82References 845 Refrigeration Cycle and Refrigerant Selection: How Refrigerant Gases Work? 875.1 Refrigeration Cycle 875.1.1 Reversed Carnot Cycle 895.1.2 Ideal Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 915.1.3 Actual Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle 915.2 Selection of Right Refrigerant 925.3 Refrigerant Blends 955.4 Comparison of Refrigerator and Air Conditioning Systems 97References 986 Preparation of Fluorocarbons 996.1 Introduction 996.2 Classification of Fluorocarbons 1016.3 Preparation of Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) 1046.3.1 Longevity of Process Catalysts 1216.4 Fluorocarbon Replacements of CFCs 1246.5 Substitutes for CFCs: HCFC and HFC 1256.5.1 Preparation of Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) 1266.5.2 Preparation of Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) 1316.6 Preparation of Hydrofluoroolefins (HFOs) 1426.7 Preparation Perfluorinated Alkanes 1466.8 Summary 150References 1507 Properties of Fluorocarbons 1558 Environmental, Safety, Health and Sustainability 2178.1 Montreal Protocol 2178.2 Ozone Depletion 2248.3 Global Warming 2308.3.1 Paris Agreement 2338.4 Phase Out of Old Fluorocarbon Gases 2348.4.1 Status of Phase Out of HCFCs 2368.5 Summary 237References 2379 Fluorocarbon Blends 2419.1 General Blend Characteristics 2459.1.1 Azeotropic 2459.1.2 Zeotropic Blends 2459.2 Low GWP HFO and HFO/HFC Blends 2519.3 Flammability of Blends 266References 26610 Substitute Fluorocarbons and Other Compounds 26710.1 SNAP Program (EPA, www.epa.gov/snap/overview-snap) 26710.2 Guiding Principles of the SNAP Program? 26810.3 EPA’s Criteria for Evaluating Alternatives? 26810.3.1 Atmospheric Effects 26810.3.2 Exposure Assessments 26810.3.3 Toxicity Data 26910.3.4 Flammability 26910.3.5 Other Environmental Impacts 26910.4 Alternatives for Refrigeration 27010.4.1 Chillers 27010.4.2 Cold Storage Warehouses 27010.4.3 Commercial Ice Machines 27010.4.4 Household Refrigerators and Freezers 27010.4.5 Ice Skating Rinks 27010.4.6 Industrial Process Refrigeration 27310.4.7 Refrigerated Transport 27310.4.8 Retail Food Refrigeration 27310.4.9 Vending Machines 27310.4.10 Very Low Temperature Refrigeration 27310.4.11 Water Coolers 27310.5 Alternatives for Air Conditioning 27310.5.1 Industrial Process Air Conditioning 27310.5.2 Motor Vehicle Air Conditioning 27910.5.3 Non-Mechanical Heat Transfer Systems 27910.5.4 Residential and Light Commercial Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps 27910.5.5 Residential Dehumidifiers 27911 Future Directions of Fluorocarbons 28311.1 Introduction 28311.2 Inception and Evolution of Fluorocarbons 28411.3 Classification of Refrigerants 28611.3.1 First Generation (Prior to 1930) 28611.3.2 Second Generation (1931–1990) 28811.3.3 Third Generation (1990–2010) 28811.3.4 Fourth Generation (Beyond 2010) 28911.3.5 Hydrofluoroolefin Fluorocarbons 29111.4 Natural Refrigerants 29611.4.1 Carbon Dioxide 29911.4.2 Hydrocarbons 30611.4.3 Ammonia 30611.5 Phase Out of Fluorocarbon Gases 30611.6 Future Directions of Refrigerants 30911.6.1 Introduction 30911.6.2 Towards the Future 30911.6.2.1 Innovation 31011.6.2.2 Innovation Accelerating Transition 31011.6.2.3 Speed Bumps 31011.6.2.4 New Developments 31211.7 Conclusions 313References 313Appendix I 317Appendix II 373Appendix III 381Index 403