Comprehensive Chromatography in Combination with Mass Spectrometry

Luigi Mondello is an expert in the field of multidimensional chromatography. He has published a number of books and papers in his field and has been an invited speaker at a number of conferences. He is Editor of the Journal of Separation Science (Wiley). Recently he was awarded The Chromatographic Society's Silver Jubilee Medal award for his work in the field of chromatography and the COLACRO Medal for his contribution to the development and diffusion of the Chromatographic Techniques, and the HTC-Award for the most outstanding and innovative work in the field of hyphenated chromatographic techniques from the Flemish Chemical Society. He is currently Full Professor of Analytical Chemistry at the the University of Messina in Italy and permanent member of the scientific committee of the International Symposium on Capillary Chromatography (ISCC); the International Symposium on Essential Oils (ISEO); the International Symposium on Hyphenated Techniques in Chromatography and Hyphenated Chromatographic Analyzers (HTC-11); the Brazilian Symposium on Chromatography and Related Techniques (SIMCRO); and the Congresso Latino-Americano de Cromatografia e Técnicas Relacionades (COLACRO).

• Contributors ix Preface xi1 Introduction 1Luigi Mondello, Peter Q. Tranchida, and Keith D. Bartle1.1 Two-Dimensional Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry: A 50-Year-Old Combination, 21.2 Shortcomings of One-Dimensional Chromatography, 31.3 Benefits of Two-Dimensional Chromatography, 61.4 Book Content, 71.5 Final Considerations, 112 Multidimensional Gas Chromatography: Theoretical Considerations 13Leonid M. Blumberg2.1 Symbols, 152.2 One-Dimensional GC, 172.3 Comprehensive GC × GC, 313 Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography: Theoretical Considerations 65Pavel Jandera3.1 Two-Dimensional LC Techniques, 663.2 Peak Capacity in HPLC: One- and Multidimensional Separations, 693.3 Orthogonality in Two-Dimensional LC–LC Systems, 733.4 Sample Dimensionality and Structural Correlations, 753.5 Separation Selectivity and Selection of Phase Systems in Two-Dimensional LC–LC, 793.6 Programmed Elution in Two-Dimensional HPLC, 813.7 Fraction Transfer Modulation in Comprehensive LC × LC: Additional Band Broadening, 873.8 Future Perspectives, 894 History, Evolution, and Optimization Aspects of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 93Ahmed Mostafa, Tadeusz G´orecki, Peter Q. Tranchida, and Luigi Mondello4.1 Fundamentals of GC × GC, 944.2 Modulation, 964.3 GC × GC Data Interpretation, 974.4 GC × GC Instrumentation, 1004.5 Thermal Modulators, 1014.6 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional GC Method Optimization, 1154.7 Final Remarks, 1405 Flow-Modulated Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 145John V. Seeley5.1 Timing Requirements of GC × GC Modulators, 1455.2 Criteria for Evaluating Modulators, 1505.3 Forms of Modulation, 1515.4 Single-Stage Flow Modulation, 1525.5 Two-Stage Flow Modulation, 1575.6 Summary of Flow Modulators, 1675.7 Brief Comparison to Thermal Modulation, 1695.8 Concluding Remarks, 1696 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Combined with Mass Spectrometry 171Peter Q. Tranchida, Luigi Mondello, Samuel D. H. Poynter, and Robert A. Shellie6.1 Instrument Requirements for GC × GC–MS, 1736.2 Data Processing of GC × GC–TOF MS Results, 1806.3 Method Translation in GC × GC–MS, 1816.4 GC × MS, 1816.5 Conventional and Alternative Modulation Techniques for GC × GC–MS, 1846.6 GC × GC–MS Applications, 1876.7 Concluding Remarks, 2327 Detector Technologies and Applications in Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography 243Philip J. Marriott7.1 Detection in GC × GC, 2447.2 Comments on GC × GC with Mass Spectrometry, 2497.3 Flame Ionization Detection in GC × GC, 2507.4 Electron Capture Detection in GC × GC, 2547.5 Sulfur Chemiluminescence Detection in GC × GC, 2607.6 Nitrogen Chemiluminescence Detection in GC × GC, 2637.7 Atomic Emission Detection in GC × GC, 2657.8 Thermionic Detection in GC × GC, 2677.9 Flame Photometric Detection in GC × GC, 2697.10 Case Study of GC × GC with Selective Detection, 2727.11 Dual Detection with GC × GC, 2747.12 Conclusions, 2758 History, Evolution, and Optimization Aspects of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography 281Isabelle Fran¸cois, Koen Sandra, and Pat Sandra8.1 Method Development and Instrumentation, 2828.2 Technical Problems in Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography, 3098.3 Detection, 3148.4 Data Representation, 3158.5 Instrumentation, 3168.6 Milestones in Comprehensive Liquid Chromatography, 3178.7 Applications, 3208.8 Beyond Two-Dimensional Chromatography, 3208.9 Comparison of LC × LC and Off-Line 2D LC, 3218.10 Conclusions, 3259 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Combined with Mass Spectrometry 331Paola Dugo, Luigi Mondello, Francesco Cacciola, and Paola Donato9.1 HPLC–MS, 3329.2 LC × LC–MS Instrumentation and Method Development, 3349.3 LC × LC–MS Applications, 33610 Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography Applications 391Paola Dugo, Luigi Mondello, Francesco Cacciola, and Paola Donato10.1 Comprehensive 2D LC Separation of Synthetic and Natural Polymers, 39210.2 Comprehensive 2D LC Separation of Natural Products and Antioxidants, 39910.3 Comprehensive 2D LC Separation of Pharmaceutical and Environmental Compounds, 41210.4 Comprehensive 2D LC Separation of Proteins and Peptides, 41711 Other Comprehensive Chromatography Methods 429Isabelle Fran¸cois, Pat Sandra, Danilo Sciarrone, and Luigi Mondello11.1 Online Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography, 43011.2 Online Two-Dimensional Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Gas Chromatography, 44011.3 Online Two-Dimensional Supercritical Fluid Chromatography–Supercritical Fluid Chromatography, 44011.4 Online Two-Dimensional Supercritical Fluid Chromatography-Liquid Chromatography, 44212 Comprehensive Chromatography Data Interpretation Technologies 449Elizabeth M. Humston and Robert E. Synovec12.1 Higher-Order Data Structure, 45012.2 Modifications of First-Order Data-Handling Approaches, 45312.3 Visualization, 45612.4 Mass Spectral Detection, 46112.5 Chemometrics, 46312.6 Summary of Data Interpretation Technologies, 472Index 477

“It offers comprehensive coverage of the topic of comprehensive multidimensional separations, at a level that makes it a useful reference for scientists working in the field, or as a primary textbook for a graduate-level course on advanced separation techniques.”  (Anal Bioanal Chem, 2012)