Paul Erdkamp is Research Fellow in Ancient History at Leiden University. He is author of Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264–30 BC) (1998) and The Grain Market in the Roman Empire (2005), and editor of The Roman Army and the Economy (2002).

• List of Illustrations xNotes on Contributors xiiAbbreviations of Reference Works and Journals xviiAbbreviations of Works of Classical Literature xxiiIntroduction 1Paul ErdkampPart I Early Rome 51 Warfare and the Army in Early Rome 7John Rich2 The Army and Centuriate Organization in Early Rome 24Gary ForsythePart II Mid- and Late Republic 433 Army and Battle During the Conquest of Italy (350–264 bc) 45Louis Rawlings4 The Age of Overseas Expansion (264–146 bc) 63Dexter Hoyos5 The Late Republican Army (146–30 bc) 80Pierre Cagniart6 War and State Formation in the Roman Republic 96Paul Erdkamp7 Roman Manpower and Recruitment During the Middle Republic 114Luuk de Ligt8 Military Command, Political Power, and the Republican Elite 132Nathan Rosenstein9 Colonization, Land Distribution, and Veteran Settlement 148Will Broadhead10 Army and General in the Late Roman Republic 164Lukas de BloisPart III The Empire (Actium to Adrianople) 181The Structure of the Imperial Army11 The Augustan Reform and the Structure of the Imperial Army 183Kate Gilliver12 Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets 201D. B. Saddington13 Battle, Tactics, and the Emergence of the Limites in the West 218James Thorne14 The Army and the Limes in the East 235Everett L. Wheeler15 Strategy and Army Structure between Septimius Severus and Constantine the Great 267Karl StrobelMilitary Organization16 Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy 286Sara Elise Phang17 Finances and Costs of the Roman Army 306Peter Herz18 War- and Peacetime Logistics: Supplying Imperial Armies in East and West 323Peter KehneArmy, Emperor, and Empire19 The Roman Army and Propaganda 339Olivier Hekster20 The Army and the Urban Elite: A Competition for Power 359Clifford Ando21 Making Emperors. Imperial Instrument or Independent Force? 379Anthony R. BirleySoldiers and Veterans in Society22 Military Camps, Canabae, and Vici. The Archaeological Evidence 395Norbert Hanel23 Marriage, Families, and Survival: Demographic Aspects 417Walter Scheidel24 Recruits and Veterans 435Gabriele Wesch-Klein25 The Religions of the Armies 451Oliver StollPart IV The Late Roman Empire (up to Justinian) 47726 Warlords and Landlords 479Wolf Liebeschuetz27 The Foederati 495Timo Stickler28 Army and Society in the Late Roman World: A Context for Decline? 515Michael Whitby29 Army and Battle in the Age of Justinian (527–65) 532Hugh EltonIndex locorum 551Index 555

"It is an excellent academic reference book and should prove a valuable resource for anyone interested in the development of the Roman Army as well as its interactions over a thousand years with the Empire it both served and influenced." (UNRV History, 1 April 2011)"This book, another in the burgeoning special series from Blackwell Publishing, is an unqualified success. Rather than a simple assemblage of vaguely related, overspecialized academic papers, it is truly what its title promises—a companion." (Michigan War Studies, May 2010)"This book is a valuable work for the reference shelf and a bible for military buffs." (Greece & Rome, 2008)"This volume is another in the growing range of period- or topic-focused Companions to the Ancient World published by Blackwell. The Roman army, as a central institution and influence in so many aspects of Roman imperial history, is an obvious subject for such a volume. Like other volumes in the series, this one boasts an impressive range of international authors, and the scholarship is of a very high order." (New England Classical Journal, February 2009)"It is no easy task to commission and co-ordinate 29 separate contributions, and the editor's energy in doing so should be recognized. The volume will happily sit on an academic bookshelf ... as a handy compendium of the views of the individual authors." (Bryn Mawr Classical Review, October 2008)"The most extensive and likely best researched overview on the Roman army that is currently available." (Ancient Warfare)"Highly readable, informative, and up-to-date survey.... The book constitutes an outstanding resource for many topics concerning the Roman army ... there is much to interest laymen ... and scholars alike." (Choice)"It is particularly valuable in providing up-to-date accounts of the army's manifold aspect and the bibliographies to support them." (Scholia Reviews)

Paul Erdkamp is Research Fellow in Ancient History at Leiden University. He is author of Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264–30 BC) (1998) and The Grain Market in the Roman Empire (2005), and editor of The Roman Army and the Economy (2002).

• List of Illustrations xNotes on Contributors xiiAbbreviations of Reference Works and Journals xviiAbbreviations of Works of Classical Literature xxiiIntroduction 1Paul ErdkampPart I Early Rome 51 Warfare and the Army in Early Rome 7John Rich2 The Army and Centuriate Organization in Early Rome 24Gary ForsythePart II Mid- and Late Republic 433 Army and Battle During the Conquest of Italy (350–264 bc) 45Louis Rawlings4 The Age of Overseas Expansion (264–146 bc) 63Dexter Hoyos5 The Late Republican Army (146–30 bc) 80Pierre Cagniart6 War and State Formation in the Roman Republic 96Paul Erdkamp7 Roman Manpower and Recruitment During the Middle Republic 114Luuk de Ligt8 Military Command, Political Power, and the Republican Elite 132Nathan Rosenstein9 Colonization, Land Distribution, and Veteran Settlement 148Will Broadhead10 Army and General in the Late Roman Republic 164Lukas de BloisPart III The Empire (Actium to Adrianople) 181The Structure of the Imperial Army11 The Augustan Reform and the Structure of the Imperial Army 183Kate Gilliver12 Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets 201D. B. Saddington13 Battle, Tactics, and the Emergence of the Limites in the West 218James Thorne14 The Army and the Limes in the East 235Everett L. Wheeler15 Strategy and Army Structure between Septimius Severus and Constantine the Great 267Karl StrobelMilitary Organization16 Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy 286Sara Elise Phang17 Finances and Costs of the Roman Army 306Peter Herz18 War- and Peacetime Logistics: Supplying Imperial Armies in East and West 323Peter KehneArmy, Emperor, and Empire19 The Roman Army and Propaganda 339Olivier Hekster20 The Army and the Urban Elite: A Competition for Power 359Clifford Ando21 Making Emperors. Imperial Instrument or Independent Force? 379Anthony R. BirleySoldiers and Veterans in Society22 Military Camps, Canabae, and Vici. The Archaeological Evidence 395Norbert Hanel23 Marriage, Families, and Survival: Demographic Aspects 417Walter Scheidel24 Recruits and Veterans 435Gabriele Wesch-Klein25 The Religions of the Armies 451Oliver StollPart IV The Late Roman Empire (up to Justinian) 47726 Warlords and Landlords 479Wolf Liebeschuetz27 The Foederati 495Timo Stickler28 Army and Society in the Late Roman World: A Context for Decline? 515Michael Whitby29 Army and Battle in the Age of Justinian (527–65) 532Hugh EltonIndex locorum 551Index 555

"It is an excellent academic reference book and should prove a valuable resource for anyone interested in the development of the Roman Army as well as its interactions over a thousand years with the Empire it both served and influenced." (UNRV History, 1 April 2011)"This book, another in the burgeoning special series from Blackwell Publishing, is an unqualified success. Rather than a simple assemblage of vaguely related, overspecialized academic papers, it is truly what its title promises—a companion." (Michigan War Studies, May 2010)"This book is a valuable work for the reference shelf and a bible for military buffs." (Greece & Rome, 2008)"This volume is another in the growing range of period- or topic-focused Companions to the Ancient World published by Blackwell. The Roman army, as a central institution and influence in so many aspects of Roman imperial history, is an obvious subject for such a volume. Like other volumes in the series, this one boasts an impressive range of international authors, and the scholarship is of a very high order." (New England Classical Journal, February 2009)"It is no easy task to commission and co-ordinate 29 separate contributions, and the editor's energy in doing so should be recognized. The volume will happily sit on an academic bookshelf ... as a handy compendium of the views of the individual authors." (Bryn Mawr Classical Review, October 2008)"The most extensive and likely best researched overview on the Roman army that is currently available." (Ancient Warfare)"Highly readable, informative, and up-to-date survey.... The book constitutes an outstanding resource for many topics concerning the Roman army ... there is much to interest laymen ... and scholars alike." (Choice)"It is particularly valuable in providing up-to-date accounts of the army's manifold aspect and the bibliographies to support them." (Scholia Reviews)

Paul Erdkamp is Research Fellow in Ancient History at Leiden University. He is author of Hunger and the Sword: Warfare and Food Supply in Roman Republican Wars (264–30 BC) (1998) and The Grain Market in the Roman Empire (2005), and editor of The Roman Army and the Economy (2002).

• List of Illustrations xNotes on Contributors xiiAbbreviations of Reference Works and Journals xviiAbbreviations of Works of Classical Literature xxiiIntroduction 1Paul ErdkampPart I Early Rome 51 Warfare and the Army in Early Rome 7John Rich2 The Army and Centuriate Organization in Early Rome 24Gary ForsythePart II Mid- and Late Republic 433 Army and Battle During the Conquest of Italy (350–264 bc) 45Louis Rawlings4 The Age of Overseas Expansion (264–146 bc) 63Dexter Hoyos5 The Late Republican Army (146–30 bc) 80Pierre Cagniart6 War and State Formation in the Roman Republic 96Paul Erdkamp7 Roman Manpower and Recruitment During the Middle Republic 114Luuk de Ligt8 Military Command, Political Power, and the Republican Elite 132Nathan Rosenstein9 Colonization, Land Distribution, and Veteran Settlement 148Will Broadhead10 Army and General in the Late Roman Republic 164Lukas de BloisPart III The Empire (Actium to Adrianople) 181The Structure of the Imperial Army11 The Augustan Reform and the Structure of the Imperial Army 183Kate Gilliver12 Classes. The Evolution of the Roman Imperial Fleets 201D. B. Saddington13 Battle, Tactics, and the Emergence of the Limites in the West 218James Thorne14 The Army and the Limes in the East 235Everett L. Wheeler15 Strategy and Army Structure between Septimius Severus and Constantine the Great 267Karl StrobelMilitary Organization16 Military Documents, Languages, and Literacy 286Sara Elise Phang17 Finances and Costs of the Roman Army 306Peter Herz18 War- and Peacetime Logistics: Supplying Imperial Armies in East and West 323Peter KehneArmy, Emperor, and Empire19 The Roman Army and Propaganda 339Olivier Hekster20 The Army and the Urban Elite: A Competition for Power 359Clifford Ando21 Making Emperors. Imperial Instrument or Independent Force? 379Anthony R. BirleySoldiers and Veterans in Society22 Military Camps, Canabae, and Vici. The Archaeological Evidence 395Norbert Hanel23 Marriage, Families, and Survival: Demographic Aspects 417Walter Scheidel24 Recruits and Veterans 435Gabriele Wesch-Klein25 The Religions of the Armies 451Oliver StollPart IV The Late Roman Empire (up to Justinian) 47726 Warlords and Landlords 479Wolf Liebeschuetz27 The Foederati 495Timo Stickler28 Army and Society in the Late Roman World: A Context for Decline? 515Michael Whitby29 Army and Battle in the Age of Justinian (527–65) 532Hugh EltonIndex locorum 551Index 555

"It is an excellent academic reference book and should prove a valuable resource for anyone interested in the development of the Roman Army as well as its interactions over a thousand years with the Empire it both served and influenced." (UNRV History, 1 April 2011)"This book, another in the burgeoning special series from Blackwell Publishing, is an unqualified success. Rather than a simple assemblage of vaguely related, overspecialized academic papers, it is truly what its title promises—a companion." (Michigan War Studies, May 2010)"This book is a valuable work for the reference shelf and a bible for military buffs." (Greece & Rome, 2008)"This volume is another in the growing range of period- or topic-focused Companions to the Ancient World published by Blackwell. The Roman army, as a central institution and influence in so many aspects of Roman imperial history, is an obvious subject for such a volume. Like other volumes in the series, this one boasts an impressive range of international authors, and the scholarship is of a very high order." (New England Classical Journal, February 2009)"It is no easy task to commission and co-ordinate 29 separate contributions, and the editor's energy in doing so should be recognized. The volume will happily sit on an academic bookshelf ... as a handy compendium of the views of the individual authors." (Bryn Mawr Classical Review, October 2008)"The most extensive and likely best researched overview on the Roman army that is currently available." (Ancient Warfare)"Highly readable, informative, and up-to-date survey.... The book constitutes an outstanding resource for many topics concerning the Roman army ... there is much to interest laymen ... and scholars alike." (Choice)"It is particularly valuable in providing up-to-date accounts of the army's manifold aspect and the bibliographies to support them." (Scholia Reviews)