Stefan Berger is Professor of Modern German and Comparative European History at the University of Manchester. He is the author of numerous books, including Inventing the Nation: Germany (2004), Social Democracy and the Working Class in Nineteenth and Twentieth-century Germany (2000), and The Search for Normality: National Identity and Historical Consciousness in Germany Since 1800 (1997, second edition, 2003). He is co-editor of, among other works, Writing History: Theory and Practice (co-author, 2003), Historikerdialoge (2003), Writing National Histories: Western Europe Since 1800 (1999), and Policy Concertation and Social Partnership in Western Europe (2002).

• List of Figures viiiNotes on Contributors xMaps xivIntroduction xviiStefan BergerPart I The Idea of “Europeanness” and the Construction of European Identity 11 Insiders and Outsiders: Borders in Nineteenth-Century Europe 3Bo Stråth2 Visual Representations of Europe in the Nineteenth Century: The Age of Nationalism and Imperialism 11Michael WintlePart II Agriculture, Industry, and Social Change 293 Rural Society and Agricultural Revolution 31Hamish Graham4 Industrial Revolution, Commerce, and Trade 44Robert Lee5 Demography, Urbanization, and Migration 56Robert Lee6 Lords and Peasants 70Carl Levy7 Bourgeois Society 86Pamela Pilbeam8 The Disappearance of the Traditional Artisan 98James R. Farr9 The Social Condition of the Working Class 109Jutta SchwarzkopfPart III Political Developments 12310 Revolutions and Revolutionaries: Histories, Concepts, and Myths 125Sharif Gemie11 The Rise of the Modern Leviathan: State Functions and State Features 137Jörn Leonhard12 The Democratic Experience 149John Garrard13 Labor Movements 164Stefan Berger14 National Movements 178Stefan Berger15 The “Woman Question” 193Kathleen CanningPart IV Intellectual Developments and Religion 20916 Political Ideologies: Liberalism, Conservatism, and Socialism 211Edmund Neill17 Social Darwinism and Race 224Mike Hawkins 18 The Age of Catholic Revival 236Oded Heilbronner19 Protestantism 248Anthony J. Steinhoff20 Orthodoxy 262Shane P. O’Rourke21 The Jews: A European Minority 274David RechterPart V Cultural Developments 28922 European Culture in the Nineteenth Century 291James A. Winders23 Schooling: Culture and the State 304Sharif Gemie24 The Age of Historism 316Matthew Jefferies25 The Century of Science 333Kathryn M. Olesko26 Police and the Law 345Chris A. Williams27 The Cultural History of Crime 355Daniel M. Vyleta28 Medical Discourses 369John C. Waller29 Sexuality 382Ivan CrozierPart VI The International System, Colonialism, and War 39930 Restrained Competition: International Relations 401William Mulligan31 War 417Ute Frevert32 Colonialism 432Trutz von TrothaBibliography 449Index 499

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