Combating Terrorism in the 21st Century

Joseph R. Rudolph Jr. is Professor of Political Science at Towson University, USA. He is the editor of Ethnoterritorial Politics, Policy, and the Western World among other titles.William J. Lahneman is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Security Studies and International Affairs at Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University in Daytona Beach, USA.

• List of EntriesReader's Guide to Entries by CategoryList of DocumentsPrefaceAcknowledgmentsIntroductionThe EntriesAbortion Facilities AttacksAbu Ghraib ScandalAchille Lauro HijackingActive Shooter Scenariosal-Awlaki, Anwaral-Baghdadi, Abu Bakr“Alphabet Bomber,” Muharem Kurbegovical-QaedaAl-Suwaij, ZainabAnthrax Attacks of 2001AntifaAnti-Muslim AttacksArmed MilitiasArmy of GodAryan NationsAsymmetrical WarfareAttack on the U.S. Capitol, January 6, 2021Axis of EvilBath School BombingBeirut Bombing of American BarracksBeltway Sniper AttacksBenghazibin Laden, OsamaBiological WeaponsBoston Marathon BombingCentennial Olympic Park BombingCentral Intelligence AgencyCharleston Church MassacreChristmas Day “Underwear Bomber”Columbine AttackCounterterrorism, the Courts, and the ConstitutionCounterterrorism and the Clinton AdministrationCounterterrorism and the George W. Bush AdministrationCounterterrorism and the Obama AdministrationCounterterrorism and the Trump AdministrationCriminal Organization TerrorismCritical Infrastructure as a Terrorist TargetCyberattacksCybersecurityDefense Intelligence AgencyDepartment of Homeland SecurityDepartment of State Bureau of Intelligence and ResearchDirector of National IntelligenceDirty BombsDomestic Terrorism, AnarchistsDomestic Terrorism, Anti-SemiticDomestic Terrorism, Pre-1950 ActivityDomestic Terrorism, the Civil Rights EraDomestic Terrorism, the Vietnam EraDomestic Terrorism, White SupremacistsDomestic Terrorist GroupsEarth Liberation FrontEconomic Costs of TerrorismEl Paso Walmart ShootingElectromagnetic PulseEnhanced Interrogation DebateEntebbe Rescue OperationEvolution of TerrorismFederal Bureau of InvestigationFederal Bureau of Investigation, Directorate of IntelligenceFemale Terrorists, Ideology and LogisticsFemale Terrorists, Suicide BombersForeign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978Foreign Intelligence Surveillance CourtForeign Terrorist Groups at War with the United StatesFort Hood ShootingGaddafi (Qaddafi), MuammarGarden City, Long Island Rail Road ShootingGuantánamo Bay Detention CampHamasHard and Soft TargetsHaymarket AffairHezbollahHolder v. Humanitarian Law ProjectHomegrown TerrorismHomeland Defense and the Department of DefenseHomeland SecurityHomeland Security Act of 2002Hostage NegotiationInformation Sharing EnvironmentIntelligence Community, Adjustments to the Post-9/11 WorldIntelligence Fusion CentersIntelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004Intelligence-Led PolicingInternational Criminal CourtInternet as a Virtual School for TerrorismInternet SurveillanceIslamic State, TheJihadJustice against Sponsors of Terrorism ActKu Klux KlanLondon Terrorist AttacksLondon Transit Terrorist AttacksMadrid Train Bombings and the War on TerrorManhattan, New York City BombingMedia, Changing Roles in the Terrorist EraMichigan Governor Kidnapping PlotMontana Freemen SiegeMunich Olympics Terrorist AttackMuslim American Community and Homeland SecurityNational Security Act of 1947National Security AgencyNational Security Letters ControversyNew TerrorismOklahoma City Federal Building BombingOrlando Pulse Nightclub ShootingPan Am Flight 103 (Lockerbie) BombingPipe Bomber Attacks, Lucas John “Luke” HelderPittsburgh Synagogue ShootingPolice Officers as Terrorist TargetsProfilingProtect America Act of 2007Psychology of TerroristsRahman, Sheikh Omar AbdelRecruiting TerroristsReign of TerrorReturnees from Wars and Refugees as Terrorist ThreatsRuby Ridge StandoffRudolph, Eric RobertSan Bernardino AttackSeptember 11, 2001, Attack on AmericaSingle-Issue TerrorismSnowden, EdwardSocial Media and TerrorismSociology of TerrorismState TerrorismTalibanTargeted AssassinationsTerrorismTimes Square Bombing AttemptTransportation SecurityUnabomber Attacks, Theodore John “Ted” KaczynskiUnited States Embassy and Consulate AttacksUnited States Senate BombingUnmanned Aerial SystemsUSA PATRIOT Act of 2001USS Cole AttackVirginia Tech ShootingWaco StandoffWall Street BombingWar on Terror, TheWar on Terror: Afghanistan and PakistanWar on Terror: Somalia and SudanWeak and Failed StatesWeaponizing the InternetWeapons of Mass DestructionWorld Trade Center AttackPrimary DocumentsInternment of Americans of Japanese Heritage during World War II, 1942Executive Order No. 9066, Relocation of Japanese during World War II, February 19, 1942Griswold v. Connecticut and the Right to Privacy, 1965Griswold v. Connecticut (381 U.S. 479), June 7, 1965Church Committee Condemns Excessive Government Surveillance of Americans, 1976Church Committee Report on Intelligence Activities and the Rights of Americans, U.S. Senate, April 14, 1976President Reagan Responds to the Hijacking of TWA Flight 847, 1985President Ronald Reagan’s Press Conference following the Hijacking of TWA Flight 847 and Murder of the U.S. Navy Diver On Board, June 18, 1985President Clinton’s Remarks following the Oklahoma City Terrorist Bombing, 1995President William J. Clinton’s Statement following the Bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building in Oklahoma City, April 19, 1995Congress Passes the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act, 1996Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, Public Law 104-132, April 24, 1996Osama bin Laden Declares Jihad against America, 1996Osama bin Laden’s 1996 Declaration of Jihad against the Americans Occupying the Land of the Two Holiest Islamic SitesSecretary of State Albright Issues Terrorism Warning, 1999Secretary of State Madeleine Albright’s Senate Testimony on the Danger Posed by Terrorism to American Personnel and the World Order, February 4, 1999American Intelligence Agencies Warn Bush White House about Bin Laden, 2001“Bin Laden Determined to Strike in US,” Presidential Daily Briefing Paper, August 6, 2001President Bush Addresses Congress and the Nation following 9/11 Attacks, 2001President George W. Bush’s Address to the Congress following the September 11 Attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon, September 20, 2001Congress Passes the Patriot Act, 2001Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act (USA PATRIOT Act) of 2001, Enacted October 26, 2001Final Report of the 9/11 Commission, 2004Final Report of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks on the United States (The 9/11 Commission): Executive Summary, July 22, 2004President Bush Mandates Increased Sharing of Terrorism Intelligence, 2005Executive Order 13388, Further Strengthening the Sharing of Terrorism Information to Protect Americans, October 25, 2005President Obama Announces the Death of bin Laden, 2011President Barack Obama Addresses the Nation after U.S. Forces Kill Osama bin Laden, May 2, 2011Secretary of State Clinton Responds to Congressional Questions about Benghazi, 2013 and 2015Secretary of State Hillary Rodham Clinton’s 2013 Testimony before the House Foreign Affairs Committee, January 23, 2013 and October 22, 2015, Testimony before the House Committee on Benghazi Inquiring into the 2012 Death of American Diplomats in Benghazi, LibyaObama Administration Report on Balancing Civil Liberties and National Security, 2013Report and Recommendations of the President’s Review Group on Intelligence and Communications Technologies, Liberty and Security in a Changing World, December 12, 2013FBI Director Comey on Technology, Privacy, and Counterterrorism, 2014FBI Director James B. Comey’s Address before the Brooking Institution, “Going Dark: Are Technology, Privacy, and Public Safety on a Collision Course?” Washington, DC, October 16, 2014Congress Passes the USA FREEDOM Act, 2015USA FREEDOM Act is Enacted by U.S. 114th Congress, 1st Session, June 2, 2015President Trump Declares Travel Ban on Visitors from Islamic Countries, 2017Presidential Proclamation 9645, “Enhancing Vetting Capabilities and Processes for Detecting Attempted Entry into the United States by Terrorists or Other Public Safety Threats,” September 24, 2017Supreme Court Rules in Favor of Trump Administration Travel Ban in Trump v. Hawaii, 2018Majority Opinion of the Court in Trump, President of the United States, et al. v. Hawaii et al. (585 U.S. [June 26] 2018)Remarks by Senator Mitt Romney following the Capitol Riot, 2021Public Statement delivered on January 6, 2021FBI Director Wray Tells America That Capitol Riot Was “Not an Isolated Event,” 2021Statement to the Senate Judiciary Committee, March 2, 2021About the Editors and ContributorsIndex