Colonial America

RICHARD MIDDLETON was for many years head of the American Studies department at Queen's University, Belfast. He is the author of several books, including The Bells of Victory: The Pitt–Newcastle Ministry and the Conduct of the Seven Years' War, 1757–1762 (1985) and Pontiac's War: Its Causes, Course and Consequences, 1763–1765 (2007). Now retired, Middleton is currently working on a book about the American War of Independence. ANNE LOMBARD is Associate Professor of History at California State University, San Marcos. She is the author of Making Manhood: Growing Up Male in Colonial New England (2003). Her current research examines riots and other forms of collective violence by white men in British America during the eighteenth century.

• List of Figures ixList of Maps xiList of Documents xiiPreface to the Fourth Edition xiiiAcknowledgments xviPart I Old and New Worlds Meet 11 The Peoples of Eastern North America: Societies in Transition 31 America Before Columbus and the Problem of History 42 The Americas in Ancient Times 53 The Eastern Woodlands, 1000–1300 94 Eastern Woodlands Societies in Transition, 1300–1500 205 Earliest Contacts with Europeans 222 The Age of European Exploration 271 Western Europe, 1300–1450 282 The Portuguese in Africa 303 Spain Encounters the New World 324 Sixteenth-Century European Competitors 395 England: The Elizabethan Prelude 41Part II The Seventeenth-Century Settlements 513 The English Conquer Virginia, 1607–1660 531 Virginia Before the English 542 The Virginia Company: Early Settlement 553 The Charter of Liberties 644 The Massacre of 1622 and Fall of the Company 695 Growth and Consolidation, 1625–1660 724 The Conquest Continues: New England, 1620–1660 781 New England Before the English 792 The Pilgrims 803 Massachusetts: A City on the Hill 844 Establishing and Defending Order 915 Challenges from England 1016 Stable Societies 1035 Diverse Colonies: New France, New Netherland, Maryland, and the West Indies 1061 New France 1082 New Netherland and Delaware: The Dutch and Swedish Beginnings 1133 Maryland: A Catholic Proprietary 1204 English Colonies in the West Indies 1286 The Restoration Era 1341 The Return of Charles II 1352 Mercantilism: The Navigation Laws 1383 New York Becomes an English Colony 1404 The Carolinas: Early Settlement 1487 The Later Years of Charles II 1561 Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion and Its Aftermath 1572 Massachusetts: The Struggle to Remain Self-Governing 1673 New Jersey and Pennsylvania: The Beginnings 1738 James II and the Glorious Revolution 1811 The Dominion of New England 1822 Massachusetts Reclaims Control 1863 New York: Leisler’s Rebellion 1894 Maryland 1945 Aftermath 1969 The Eras of William and Mary, and Queen Anne 2001 William and Mary’s Colonial Policy 2012 The Salem Witchcraft Trials 2033 War on the Northern Frontier, 1689–1713 2134 War and Political Change in the Carolinas 2175 Proprietary Problems in Pennsylvania and New Jersey 222Part III The Eighteenth-Century Provinces in a Changing Continent 22710 The Economy and Labor System in British North America 2291 The British Atlantic Economy 2302 The Southern Plantation System 2323 Northern Farming and Commerce 2404 The Mercantilist System 2465 Money and Taxation 2516 The Standard of Living: Poverty and Prosperity 25511 Settler Families and Society 2601 New World Families 2612 Children 2673 Patriarchal Authority 2724 Social Structure: Rank and Class 27812 White Women and Gender 2841 Gender and the Settler Experience in the Seventeenth Century 2852 Regional Variations 2893 Gender in a Commercializing Culture: The Eighteenth-Century Refined Lady 2964 Gender in a Commercializing Culture: Middling and Working White Women 30013 British North American Religion, Education, and Culture, 1689–1760 3081 Religion 3092 Education 3183 The Anglicization of Taste 3244 Libraries, Literature, and the Press 3265 Science and the Arts 3296 Popular Culture 33214 Slavery and the African American Experience, 1689–1760 3351 Slavery: An Evolving Institution 3362 Slaves’ Experiences 3413 The African American Family 3524 African American Culture 3555 Free African Americans 3596 Resistance to Slavery 36215 Expanding Spanish and French Empires in North America 3671 Florida 3692 New Mexico 3753 The Growth of New France 3804 The French Upper Country, or Pays d’en Haut 3845 Louisiana 3896 Texas 3947 Significance for the British Colonies 39616 Native American Societies and Cultures, 1689–1760 3971 Native American Societies in the Eighteenth Century 3992 The Nations of the Northern Frontier 4023 The Nations of the Southern Frontier 4164 Adaptation or Decline? 42417 Immigration and Expansion in British North America, 1714–1750 4271 The Germans and Scots-Irish 4282 The Founding of Georgia 4383 The Urban Frontier 44118 British North American Institutions of Government 4471 The Royal Framework 4492 Local Government: Town Meeting and County Court 4503 The Provincial Assembly: Crown versus People 4534 Parties and Factions in the Age of Walpole 4665 Toward a Republican Ideology 47019 Britain, France, and Spain: The Imperial Contest, 1739–1763 4731 The War of Jenkins’ Ear 4742 The Struggle for the Ohio 4773 The Conquest of Canada 4894 The War’s Consequences 499Selected Bibliography 507Index 573