Collagen-Derived Materials

Feng Wang is Professor at Beijing University of Chemical Technology (BUCT), China. He is now the Vice President of BUCT and the Director of Beijing Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Process and Technology for Materials. He received his PhD from Tokyo Metropolitan University in March 2003. His expertise covers electrocatalytic materials, energy storage materials, nanocarbon materials, and applied electrochemical engineering. Yaqin Huang is Professor in the College of Materials Science and Engineering at BUCT. She is now the Director of National Light Industry Gelatin Products Quality Supervision and Testing Center and the Executive Director of China Daily Chemical Industry Association Gelatin Branch. Jin Niu is Associate Professor at BUCT. He received his Ph.D. degree from BUCT under the supervision of Prof. Feng Wang in 2018. His research interests mainly focus on the synthesis and energy applications of collagen-derived materials and carbon-based materials.

• Preface ix1 Introduction 11.1 Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 11.1.1 Secondary Batteries and Supercapacitors 21.1.2 Fuel Cells and Electrolyzers 41.2 Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 51.2.1 Materials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 51.2.2 Materials for Supercapacitors 61.2.3 Materials for Oxygen Electrochemistry 71.2.4 Biomass-Derived Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage andConversion 71.3 Collagen-Derived Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage andConversion 9References 122 Collagen 152.1 History of Collagen 152.2 Structure and Composition of Collagen 162.2.1 Amino-Acid Residue and Triple-Helix Structure 172.2.2 Primary Structure of Chains 202.2.3 Molecular Organization and Structure 252.2.4 Aggregate Structure 282.3 Classification, Function, and Distribution of Collagen 31References 333 Synthesis and Applications of Collagen 393.1 Biosynthesis of Collagen 393.1.1 Formation of Pro-α-Chains 393.1.2 Hydroxylation and Glycosylation 403.1.3 Assembly to Triple-Helix Structure 413.1.4 Cleavage of Procollagen Molecules 413.1.5 Formation of Collagen Fibrils 413.1.6 Cross-Linking to Collagen Fibers 433.2 Extraction of Collagen 433.2.1 Acid Method 433.2.2 Salt Method 443.2.3 Enzymatic Method 443.2.4 Posttreatment 453.3 Applications of Collagen 463.3.1 Clinical Applications of Collagen 463.3.2 Food Applications of Collagen 483.3.3 Cosmetics Applications of Collagen 49References 514 Gelatin 554.1 History of Gelatin 554.2 Structures and Compositions 594.2.1 Molecular Structures 594.2.2 Amino Acids 624.3 Properties and Characterization 664.3.1 Viscosity and Adhesion 664.3.2 Amphoteric Behavior and Isoelectric Point 664.3.3 Surface Activity 674.3.4 Gel Formation and Strength 704.3.5 Rheology of Gelatin Solution 734.3.5.1 Amino-Acid Analysis 774.3.5.2 Determination of Total Protein Content 774.3.5.3 Electrophoretic Analysis 774.3.5.4 Viscoelastic Properties 774.3.5.5 Gel Strength 78References 785 Synthesis of Gelatin 815.1 Raw Materials 815.2 Extraction 855.2.1 Alkali-Treated Method 875.2.2 Acid-Treatment Method 875.2.3 Salt-Fraction Method 905.2.4 Enzymatic Method 915.2.5 Heat–Pressure Method 935.2.6 Microwave- and Ultrasonication-Assisted Extraction Methods 935.2.7 Posttreatment 945.2.7.1 Filtration and Clarification 945.2.7.2 Deionization 955.2.7.3 Concentration 955.2.7.4 Final Sterilization 965.2.7.5 Drying Process for Granulated Gelatin 965.2.7.6 Normalization and Packaging of Granulated Gelatin 975.3 Modification 985.3.1 Physical Modification 985.3.1.1 Orientational Methods of Modification 985.3.1.2 Conformational Methods of Modification 985.3.2 Chemical Modification 1005.3.2.1 Phosphorylation Modification 1015.3.2.2 Aldehyde Modification 1035.3.2.3 Polyphenols Modification 1045.3.2.4 Succinylation Modification 1045.3.3 Enzymatic Modification of Gelatin 1055.3.4 Complex Modification of Gelatin 106References 1076 Applications of Gelatin in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 1116.1 As Binders for Battery Electrodes 1116.1.1 As Binders of Electrodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 1116.1.2 As Binders of Electrodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries 1136.2 As Modifying Agents for Battery Electrodes 1166.2.1 As Modifying Agents of Electrodes for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 1166.2.2 As Modifying Agents of Electrodes for Lithium Batteries 1196.3 As Modifying Agents for Battery Separators 1216.3.1 As Modifying Agents of Separators for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries 1216.3.2 As Modifying Agents of Separators for Other Batteries 1236.4 As Electrodeposition Additives for Electrode Preparation 1256.5 As Hydrogel Electrolytes for Batteries 1286.6 Other Applications in Electrochemical Energy and Conversion 136References 1397 Collagen-Derived Carbons 1437.1 History of Collagen-Derived Carbons 1437.2 Carbonization Mechanism of Collagen-Derived Carbons 1437.3 Structures and Compositions of Collagen-Derived Carbons 1477.3.1 Morphologies 1477.3.1.1 Zero-Dimensional Carbon Materials 1477.3.1.2 One-Dimensional Carbon Materials 1517.3.1.3 Two-Dimensional Carbon Material 1537.3.1.4 Three-Dimensional Carbon Materials 1577.3.2 Porosities 1607.3.3 Heteroatoms and Defects 1717.3.3.1 Types and Functions of Defects 1717.3.3.2 Types and Functions of Heteroatoms 1727.3.3.3 Collagen-Derived Carbons with Heteroatoms and Defects 174References 1868 Synthesis of Collagen-Derived Carbons 1938.1 Conventional Preparation Methods 1938.1.1 Templating Method 1938.1.1.1 Hard-Templating Method 1938.1.1.2 Soft-Templating Method 1948.1.2 Activation Method 1948.1.2.1 Physical Activation 1948.1.2.2 Chemical Activation 1968.1.3 Post-doping Method 1998.2 Nature-Inspired Methods 2058.2.1 Hydroxyapatite-Induced Self-Activation Method 2078.2.2 Hydroxyapatite–KOH Synergistic Method 2148.2.3 Metal Hydroxide–Assistant Method 2258.2.4 Metal Chloride–Assistant Method 231References 2359 Applications of Collagen-Derived Carbons in Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion 2439.1 As Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors 2449.2 As Electrode Materials for Hybrid Capacitors 2499.3 As Anode Materials for Alkali-Ion Batteries 2569.4 As Anode Modifiers for Alkali-Ion Batteries 2599.5 As Modifying Agents for Li–S Batteries 2629.6 As Metal-Free Electrocatalysts 2689.7 As Support Materials for Hybrid Electrocatalysts 2719.8 As Support Materials for Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Electrocatalysts 273References 28010 Challenges and Opportunities 28710.1 Principles for Material Design 28710.1.1 In situ Characterization and Analysis 28710.1.2 Theoretical Calculation and Simulation 29010.2 Strategies for Material Synthesis 29410.3 Diversities for Material Applications 29710.3.1 Capacitive Desalination 29710.3.2 Solar Steam Generation 29710.3.3 Gas Adsorption 29810.3.4 Microwave Adsorption 29810.3.5 Photocatalysis 29810.4 Inspirations for Other Materials and Their Applications 299References 299Index 303