Lars Johanson pursued his studies at Uppsala University, Sweden. He is professor at the University of Mainz, Germany. He has published widely on descriptive and historical linguistics. His book Turkic (2021) presents his pioneering contributions to Turkic linguistics and language typology.

• PrefaceAcknowledgementsList of Figures and ExamplesAbbreviationsNotationsTranscription1 The Code-Copying Model1 Introduction2 Basic Code and Model Code3 Take-over and Carry-over Copying4 Code Switching and Code Mixing5 Global and Selective Copying6 The Contact Globe7 The Order of Influence8 Copying Is a Creative Act9 Attractiveness10 Contact Processes11 Extremely High Levels of Copying12 Historical Stratification13 Distinguishing Carry-over and Take-over Copying14 Example of Carry-over Copying: Linguistic Convergence in the Volga Area2 Global Copies3 Selective Copies1 Selective Copying of Material/Phonological Features2 Selective Copying of Semantic Features3 Selective Copying of Combinational Features4 Semantic-Combinational Copies5 Selective Copying of Frequential Patterns6 Mixed Copies7 Distributional Classes8 Degree of Complexity9 Accommodation of Copies4 Code-Copying and Grammaticalization1 Isomorphism2 Combined Scheme3 Aikhenvald’s ‘Grammatical Accommodation’ as a Case of Selective Copying4 Diachronic Processes Are Not Copiable5 Lexical and Grammatical Targets of Copying6 Awareness of Sources7 Use after Copying8 ‘Inherited Grammaticalization’9 Conceivable Carry-over-Copying of Evidentials5 Remodeling Languages1 Code-Internal Development2 Remodeling the Basic-Code Frame3 Convergence and Divergence4 Converging through Selective Copying5 Momentary, Habitualized, and Conventionalized Copies6 Turkic Family-External Contacts7 Code-Copying in Some Large Languages of the World1 English2 Chinese3 Arabic4 Russian8 Stability9 High-Copying Codes1 Examples of High-Copying Languages2 Attitudes towards High-Copying Varieties10 Cognates and Copies1 Distinctions between Cognates and Copies2 Motivations for Copying Bound Morphemes3 Cognates and Copies in Altaic Verb Derivation4 Copies5 Evidence6 Arguments from Silence7 Copies and Copiability8 Superstable Morphology?9 Typological Arguments11 Types of Copying in Written Languages1 Types 1 and 2: Take-over and Carry-over Copying2 Subtypes of Type 1 Take-over Copying3 Type 2: Carry-over Copying4 Type 3: Alternate Use of the Codes5 A Lower-Ranking Code Explicates Texts in Higher-Ranking Code6 Type 5: Higher Ranking Code as Graphic Representation of the Lower Ranking Code7 Examples of Type 1 Take-over Copying8 Examples of Type 2: Carry-over Copying9 Examples of Type 3: Alternate Use of the Codes10 Examples of Type 4: Lower-Ranking Code Explicates Higher-Ranking Code11 Examples of Type 5: Higher-Ranking Code Represents Lower-Ranking Code12 A Passive-Active ScaleReferencesIndex