Coastal and Marine Pollution

Meththika Vithanage is a Professor of Natural Resources and a founding Director at the Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Sri Lanka. Sameera M. Samarasekara is a Senior Lecturer of Civil Engineering at the University of Sri Jayewardenepura in Sri Lanka. Bryan D. James is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts, USA. Christopher M. Reddy is a Senior Scientist in the Department of Marine Chemistry and Geochemistry at the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution in the United States.

• Notes on Editors xixList of Contributors xxiPreface xxviiAcknowledgment xxix1 Overview of Coastal and Marine Pollution: Sources, Impacts, and Challenges 1Gohagodage Nirmal Tharanga Jayalath and Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake1.1 Introduction 11.2 Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments 21.3 Sources of Coastal and Marine Pollution 31.4 Impacts of Coastal and Marine Pollution 111.5 Challenges in Coastal and Marine Pollution 151.6 Summary 19References 192 Pollution from Land-Based Sources: Industrial and Urban Runoff 27Mihiri Indunil Gunasekara, Ishani Mahawaththa, Dilani Madhubhashini, and Kaushani Amarasena2.1 Organic Marine and Coastal Pollutants 272.2 Inorganic Marine and Coastal Pollutants 282.3 Newer Forms of Marine and Coastal Pollutants 292.4 Climate Change and Marine and Coastal Pollution 302.5 Pollutant Transport from Land-Based Sources 312.6 Sources of Marine Pollution 352.7 Effects Related to Marine Pollution 37References 393 Marine Pollution Issues Relating to Shipping, Ports, and Use of Marine Coatings 45Christopher W. Haley and R. John Morrison3.1 Introduction 453.2 Marine Pollution from Shipping 473.3 Pollution from Ship Wastes 523.4 Sewage 563.5 Ship Collisions and Pollution 573.6 Ports 583.7 Marine Coatings 613.8 Conclusions 62References 634 Offshore Oil and Gas Operations: Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Methods 67Savinda Arambawatta Lekamge, Ishani Mahawaththa, and S.D.N.A.M.A.M. Weerasinghe4.1 Introduction 674.2 Global Status of Offshore Oil and Gas Explorations 684.3 Processes/Methods Involved in Offshore Oil and Gas Operations 704.4 Environmental Impacts 764.5 Mitigation Methods 814.6 Conclusions 83References 835 Coastal and Marine Pollution from Agricultural Activities: Fertilizers and Pesticides 89Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, and Nalika R. Dayananda5.1 Introduction 895.2 Current Status and Trends in Use of Fertilizer and Pesticides in Agriculture 905.3 Pesticide Distribution in Coastal and Marine Environment 905.4 Pesticide Entering Pathways to Coastal and Marine Environment 915.5 Fertilizer Use and Losses from Agricultural Land to Coastal and Marine Environment 925.6 Impact on the Coastal and Marine Environment of Agrochemicals 935.7 Impacts of Agrarian-Based Synthetic Fertilizers and Pesticides on Marine and Coastal Life and Human Health 955.8 Impact on the Blue Economy 985.9 Innovative Solutions to Control and Prevent Coastal and Marine Pollution from Agricultural Activities 1015.10 Innovative Solutions and Future Challenges 104References 1056 Ocean Warming, Acidification, Plastic Pollution, and Water Quality Deterioration: A Multifaceted Crisis Unveiled 111Nalika R. Dayananda, Jithya Wijesinghe, Shermila M. Botheju, W.P.R.T. Perera, and J.A. Liyanage6.1 Ocean Warming: Impact on Global Ocean System and Cryosphere 1116.2 Water Quality Deterioration in Oceans 1166.3 Ocean Acidification 1206.4 Plastic Pollution 1256.5 Cross-Disciplinary Solutions for Interconnected Nature of Ocean Warming Acidification, Plastic Pollution, and Water Quality Deterioration 1316.6 Conclusion 132References 1327 Heavy Metal Pollution and Historical Legacies in Coastal–Marine Environment 139Chamila Jinendra Nanayakkara, Nimila Dushyantha, Pubudi Dilshara, Nadeera Batapola, Nalin Ratnayake, Ranjith Premasiri, and Bandara Abeysinghe7.1 Introduction 1397.2 Evolution of Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments 1407.3 Case Studies on Historical Legacies of Heavy Metal Contamination in Coastal and Marine Environments 1427.4 Heavy Metals and Their Essentiality in the Environment 1467.5 Prevention and Management of Heavy Metal Pollution in Coastal and Marine Environments 1517.6 Conclusion 1547.7 Future Directives 155Acknowledgment 155References 1558 Marine Pollution due to Mariculture and Fishing Operations in Sri Lanka: Impacts and Mitigation Strategies 163Menuka Udugama, Lahiru Udayanga, Suchima Gonapinuwala, and Dileepa de Croos8.1 Mariculture in Sri Lanka 1638.2 Marine Pollution by Aquaculture and Fisheries Practices and Impacts 1658.3 Nutrient Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 1658.4 Oil Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 1688.5 Chemical Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 1698.6 Plastic Pollution and Impacts from Fisheries and Mariculture Practices 1708.7 Policy Framework Governing the Mariculture Sector in Sri Lanka 1738.8 Potential Mitigation Measures, Approaches and Way Forward 174References 1769 Marine Macro-litter: Sources, Abundance, Impacts, and Solutions 183Minh-Ky Nguyen9.1 Introduction 1839.2 Sources, Fate, and Transport of Marine Macro-litter 1849.3 Abundance and Distribution of Marine Macro-litter 1859.4 Impacts of Marine Macro-litter 1879.5 Solution Approaches Toward Sustainable Marine Ecosystem 1909.6 Conclusions and Recommendations 191References 19110 Nuclear and Radioactive Marine Pollution and Monitoring of Radioactivity in Oceans 197R.M.N. Priyanga Rathnayake and Dulanjalee Rajapaksha10.1 Introduction 19710.2 Sources of Radioactivity in Marine Ecosystems 19710.3 Important Radionuclides to the Marine Ecosystems, Their Chemistry, and Behaviors 20510.4 Impact of Radioactive and Nuclear Pollution on Marine Ecosystem 20610.5 Monitoring of Radioactivity in Oceans and Marine-Originated Products 20910.6 Preventive Measures on Radioactive and Nuclear Marine Pollution 211References 21311 GIS-Based Gray Water Footprint (GWF) Assessment of Coastal and Marine Pollution: A Minimization Approach 217Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu, Abdullah Iżzeddin Karabulut, and Mehmet Iṙfan Yeşilnacar11.1 Introduction 21711.2 Gray Water Footprint of Coastal and Marine Pollution 21811.3 Integration of GIS and GWF Methods 21811.4 GIS Solutions for Marine and Coastal Pollution Management 21911.5 3D Analyst 22011.6 Conclusions 222References 22212 Underestimated Threats: Personal Care Products (PCPs) in Marine and Coastal Environments 225Madhuni Madhushika Wijesooriya, Meththika Vithanage, and Hasintha Wijesekara12.1 Introduction 22512.2 Sources and Environmental Fate of PCPs in Marine and Coastal Environments 22712.3 Active Ingredients of Concern in PCPs 23012.4 Consequences to Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 23112.5 Risks to Humans via Seafood Consumption 23712.6 Prevention and Mitigation Strategies 23712.7 Conclusions and Future Remarks 239References 23913 Monitoring and Assessment of Coastal and Marine Pollution: Methods and Technologies 249G.K.M.R. Peter, S.M. Dassanayake, C.L. Jayawardena, and I. Mahakalanda13.1 Introduction 24913.2 Bibliographic Review 25113.3 Remote Sensing in Coastal and Marine Pollution Monitoring 25413.4 Marine Pollution Assessment 26113.5 Discussion 26513.6 Concluding Remarks 266References 26614 Toxicological Techniques for Coastal and Marine Pollution Monitoring 269Siddihalu Lakshitha Madunil and Jithya Wijesinghe14.1 Introduction 26914.2 Toxicity Testing 27114.3 Endpoints and Biomarkers 27214.4 Sediment Toxicity Tests 27314.5 Impacts of Pollution on Different Marine Species 27414.6 Biomonitors and Bioindicators 27414.7 Bioassays 27714.8 Biomarker Analysis 28014.9 Biosensors 28414.10 Chemical Analysis 28614.11 Histopathology 28814.12 Ecotoxicological Surveys 28914.13 Toxicogenomics 29014.14 Integrated Monitoring Techniques 29014.15 Conclusion 291References 29215 Marine Sediment Remediation Through Tiered Risk Assessment Approach 305Divya Pal and Jonas Gunnarsson15.1 Introduction 30515.2 Sediment Remediation Techniques 30715.3 Risk Assessment-Based Strategy 31115.4 Conclusions 315Acknowledgment 316References 31616 Biochar Application for Mitigation of Coastal and Marine Pollution: An Experimental Modeling 321Pelin Soyertaş Yapıcıoğlu16.1 Introduction 32116.2 Materials and Methods 32216.3 Results and Discussion 32416.4 Conclusion 326References 32617 Coastal and Marine Plastic Pollution Monitoring and Control Using Remote Sensing (RS) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) Technologies 329Iddamalgoda Jayawardenage Judi Udari Nisansala Perera, Ranepura Dewage Charuka Sandaruwan, and Bellanthudawage Kushan Aravinda Bellanthudawa17.1 Introduction 32917.2 Challenges of In Situ Visual Monitoring of Plastic Litter in Marine and Coastal Ecosystems 33017.3 Remote Sensing (RS) Approaches for Monitoring Marine and Coastal Environments 33017.4 Methods for Mapping Marine Plastic Litter from Remote Sensing Data: Object-Based Image Analysis (OBIA) Using Machine Learning (ML) and Deep Learning (DL) 33517.5 Challenges Using RS/AI Technologies to Detect Marine Plastics 34017.6 Conclusion 341References 34218 Policy and Governance Approaches for Coastal and Marine Pollution Management 347Chandrasekara SSK18.1 Introduction 34718.2 Institutional Arrangement for the Coast and Marine Resources Management in Sri Lanka 34918.3 The Necessity of Governance Approaches to Increase the Effectiveness of Coastal and Marine Pollution Control in Sri Lanka 35318.4 Conclusion and the Way Forward 355References 35619 Impact of Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems 359Leneka Terika Rhoden19.1 Introduction 35919.2 Implications of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Marine Ecosystems 35919.3 Linear Graph Showing Annual Global Sea-Surface Temperature Anomalies from 1880 to 2015 36019.4 Conceptual Framework 36319.5 Marine Life and Physical Characteristics of Oceans 36519.6 Spatial Variability in Temperature Change 36619.7 Resulting Biological Disruptions in Marine Ecosystems 36819.8 Pelagic Ecosystems and Climate Dynamics 36919.9 Coral Reefs and Ocean Acidification 37119.10 Climate Migration and Adaptation in Marine Organisms 37419.11 Case Study: Influx of Sargassum across the Caribbean 37519.12 Management and Government Policies for Marine Ecosystems: The Way Forward 37719.13 Conclusions and Key Recommendations 378References 37920 X-Press Pearl Disaster 389Uswatta Liyanage Harsha Prabath Perera, and Amila Sandaruwan Ratnayake20.1 Introduction 38920.2 The MV X-Press Pearl Cargo Vessel 39220.3 The Environmental Impacts of the X-Press Pearl Maritime Debacle 39220.4 The Socioeconomic Impacts After the X-Press Pearl Disaster 39820.5 Conclusion 398References 39921 Container Overboard in the Port of New Orleans, LA, USA: The Response and Cleanup of the 2020 Bianca Pellet Spill 403Bryan D. James and Christopher M. Reddy21.1 Introduction 40321.2 Materials and Methods 40421.3 Results and Discussion 40621.4 Understanding the Fate of the Nurdles Following the Spill 410References 41922 Unleashing Potential: Transcending Marine Pollution Forecasts for a Better Future and Critical Thresholds 425Sandun Dassanayake, Udari Perera, and Mahinsasa Rathnayake22.1 Introduction 42522.2 Critical Thresholds in Marine Life 2030 Program 42622.3 Major Marine Pollution Sources 42622.4 Remote Sensing-Based Monitoring 43122.5 Biomonitoring 43222.6 Data-Driven Assessment Techniques 43322.7 Critical Thresholds: Challenges, Opportunities, and Future Directions 436References 44323 Impacts of Coastal and Marine Pollution on the Blue Economy: Integrating Blue Finance Perspectives 447Gayithri Niluka Kuruppu, Nimila Dushyantha, Panchala Weerakoon, Gayan Amarasooriya, Titus Cooray, and Harshi Jayasingha23.1 Introduction 44723.2 Impacts of the Coastal and Marine Pollution on Main Pillars of the Blue Economy 44923.3 The Economic Toll of Marine and Coastal Pollution on the Blue Economy 45423.4 Blue Finance for Investing in a Sustainable Maritime Future 45523.5 Conclusion 459Acknowledgement 459References 45924 Macro Issues of Microplastics: Present Status and Future Challenges 465Wijetunge, D.S., Perera, S.P.K.K.A., Karunathilake, N.M.O.A., and Ranatunga, R.R.M.K.P.24.1 Microplastics (MPs): The Global Pollutant 46524.2 Importance of Standardized MP Assessments and Accuracy in Data Acquisition 47024.3 Economics of Waste Management 47824.4 Mitigating MP Pollution: Sustainable Approaches, Circular Economy, and Policymaking 48124.5 Conclusion 486References 486Index 495