Clinical Psychology

STEFAN G. HOFMANN, PHD, is Professor of Psychology in the Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences at Boston University, where he directs the Psychotherapy and Emotion Research Laboratory. His main research focuses on the mechanism of treatment change, translating discoveries from neuroscience into clinical applications, emotion regulation strategies, and cultural expressions of psychopathology. He is the author of more than three hundred scientific publications and twenty books. He is a Highly Cited Researcher by Thomson Reuters, and has many other awards.

• Notes on Contributors xv Preface xxiii 1 Research Methods 1Julian A. Rubel and Wolfgang Lutz Introduction 1 Research on the Frequency, Cause, and Prevention of Psychological Problems, and Disorders 1 Evaluating Clinical Interventions and Treatments 3 Summary 12 2 Classification Systems across the Globe 15Jan Christopher Cwik and Jürgen Margraf Introduction 15 Classification Systems in Western Cultures 16 The International Classification of Diseases, Injuries and Causes of Death (ICD) 17 Classification Systems in Non-Western Cultures 19 Specific Classification Systems 22 3 Clinical Interviewing with Adults 29Christopher C. Conway, Michelle L. Bourgeois, and Timothy A. Brown Introduction 29 Goals of the Clinical Interview 29 Elements of the Clinical Interview 30 Interviewing Techniques 35 Reliability and Validity of Interviews 36 Integrating Cultural Context in Interviews 38 Actuarial Judgment 38 Functional Analysis 39 Differential Diagnosis 40 Summary 40 4 Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 43Eva Charlotte Merten and Silvia Schneider Introduction 43 Clinical Interviews with Children and Adolescents 45 Implementation of Clinical Interviews 51 Difficulties in Daily Practice 56 Everything Perfect? How Often are Structured Interviews used in Clinical Practice? 58 Summary 59 5 Psychological Tests 65Robert J. Craig Introduction 65 Principles and Properties of Psychological Tests 66 Types of Psychological Tests 66 Objective Personality Tests 67 Projective Clinical Assessment Instruments 73 Computer Test Interpretation 74 Recent Challenges 75 6 A Global Perspective on Neuropsychological Assessment 81Rachel N. Casas, Matthew Calamia, and Daniel Tranel Introduction 81 Purposes of Neuropsychological Assessment 83 Classification of Behavior and Cognition in Neuropsychological Assessment 85 Neuropsychological Assessment: Approaches and Methods 87 Critical Considerations for Neuropsychological Assessment in a Global Society 89 Interpretation of Neuropsychological Assessment Results 91 Feedback and Recommendations 93 Future Directions for Neuropsychological Assessment: A Global Perspective 94 7 Culturally Informed Neuropsychological Assessment 99Rosemary Toomey Introduction 99 The Field of Clinical Neuropsychology 99 Clinical Neuropsychology Assessment 100 Crosscultural Considerations in Clinical Neuropsychology 105 Are Nonverbal Tests Culture Free? 106 Bilingualism 106 Translating Tests 107 Literacy 107 Norming by Race or Country 108 Acculturation 108 Interaction of Different Subject Characteristics 109 Child Neuropsychology 109 Reading Disorder: A Lens through which to View Crosscultural Issues 109 Clinical Case Study 111 Summary 113 8 Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 119Thomas H. Ollendick, Peter Muris, and Cecilia A. Essau Introduction 119 Defining Evidence-Based Treatments 120 Evidence-Based Treatments: The Debate 121 Conclusions 128 9 Childhood and Adolescent Disorders 135Amie E. GrillsandMelissa K. Holt Neurodevelopmental Disorders 136 Disruptive, Impulse-Control, and Conduct Disorders 142 Summary 145 10 Mood Disorders 153Ulrich Stangier and Elisabeth A. Arens Symptomatology and Classification of Mood Disorders 153 Epidemiology 156 Assessment 157 Treatment 158 Conclusions 166 11 Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173Kirstyn L. Krause and Martin M. Antony Treatment of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Related Disorders 173 Overview of Anxiety and OC-related Disorders 173 Treatment of Anxiety and OC-Related Disorders 177 Cultural Considerations in Treatment 184 Summary 185  12 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder 191Richard A. Bryant Definition 191 Prevalence of PTSD 193 The Course of PTSD 193 Comorbidity 194 Theoretical Models of PTSD 194 Risk Factors 195 Treating PTSD 197 Early Intervention for PTSD 198 Complex PTSD 199 Conclusions 200 13 Eating Disorders 209Brunna Tuschen-Caffier and Jennifer Svaldi Psychopathology of Eating Disorders 209 Assessment 212 Development, First Onset and Maintenance Factors 213 Treatment 215 Efficacy of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) 220 14 Sexual Dysfunctions 225Pedro J. Nobre Introduction 225 Classification of Sexual Dysfunctions 225 Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions 226 Risk Factors for Sexual Dysfunction 227 Psychological Factors and Sexual Dysfunction 228 Psychological Models of Sexual Dysfunction 230 Treatments for Sexual Dysfunction 231 Brief Summary 235 15 Couple Distress 243Mehmet Zihni Sungur Introduction 243 What are the Processes that Differentiate Functional Couples from Dysfunctional Ones? 244 Assessment of the Couples 245 Goal Setting in Couple Therapy 246 Couple Therapy: Strategies and Techniques 247 Difficulties with Promoting Change: Difficulties Encountered during Couple Therapy Practice 247 Treatment Issues: Couple Therapy 249 Treatment Approaches for Intervention 249 Cognitive-Behavioral Couple Therapy (CBCT) Approaches 251 Integrative Behavioral Couple Therapy (IBCT) 253 Behavioral Systems Approach to Couple Problems 253 Emotionally Focused Couple Therapy (EFCT) 254 Strategic Approaches and Brief Strategic Couple Therapy (BSCT) 255 Solution-Focused Approaches and Brief Solution-Focused Therapy (BSFT) 255 Psychoanalytical Approaches 256 16 Somatic Symptom Disorders 261Maria Kleinstäuber and Winfried Rief Introduction 261 Classifying and Diagnosing SSRD 262 Classifying Specific Functional Somatic Syndromes 266 Specific Cultural Syndromes of Distress 267 Empirically Supported Psychological Interventions for SSRD 267 Other Psychological Interventions for SSRD 273 Empirical Evidence for Psychological Interventions in SSRD 274 Transcultural Aspects in Psychological Interventions for SSRD 276 Summary and Conclusion 276 17 Psychotic Disorders 283Tania Lincoln Introduction 283 Description of the Disorder 283 Etiology 287 Assessment 291 Pharmacological Treatment 291 Psychological Interventions 293 Family Behavioral Interventions 299 Other Psychological Approaches and their Effectiveness 301 Summary and Outlook 302 18 Neurobiology and Pharmacological Treatment of Mental Disorders 309Borwin Bandelow Introduction 309 Mood Disorders 312 Psychotic Disorders 314 Anxiety Disorders 316 Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) 317 Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) 317 Somatic Symptom Disorders 318 Substance-Related Disorders 318 Eating Disorders 319 Personality Disorders 320 Dementia 321 Sleep Disorders 321 Attention-Deficit / Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) 321 Summary 322 19 Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327Bram Van Bockstaele, Elske Salemink, Brian D. Ostafin, Anne Marie Meijer, and Susan M. Bögels Popular Mindfulness-Based Interventions 327 Application of Mindfulness in Mental Health Care 328 Effects of Mindfulness-based Interventions on Psychological Disorders 330 Discussion 338 Acknowledgments 340 20 Internet-Based Treatments 347Gerhard Andersson and Thomas Berger Introduction 347 Are Internet Treatments Effective? 348 The “How” Question 349 A Research Agenda for the World? 350 Challenges for the Future 351 Summary 353 21 Virtual Reality 361Cristina Botella, Rosa M. Baños, Azucena García-Palacios, and Soledad Quero  Introduction 361 Virtual Reality for the Treatment of Different Psychological Disorders and Health Problems 362 Virtual Reality as an Ecological Context for Assessing Human Behavior 363 Virtual Reality as a Realistic Laboratory Setting for Psychopathology 365 Virual Reality Developments for the Treatment of Different Mental and Health Conditions 367 Future Perspectives and Ethical Implications of VR 373 Summary 374 22 Working Alliance 383Nicole Everitt, Brad Cini, and Nikolaos Kazantzis Measurement 384 Evidence for Relations with Outcome 384 Impact of Alliance Rater and Time of Assessment 386 Adapting Working Alliance Based on Patient Characteristics 387 The Therapeutic Relationship is More Than the Working Alliance: The Case of Cognitive Behavior Therapy 389 Conclusion 391 23 Culture in Clinical Psychology: Adapting Treatments 399Anushka Patel and Devon E. Hinton Why do we Need Culturally Adapted Treatments? 400 How to Adapt: Develop New Treatments or Modify what Works? 401 Evidence for Efficacy of Cultural Adaptation: What to Adapt 402 A Model of Anxiety Generation across Cultural Contexts 403 How to Culturally Adapt Treatment? 405 Summary 411 Index 419