Climatological Study of Urban Climate and Heat and Cold Mortalities in Japan

Fumiaki Fujibe received his Doctor of Science degree in 1983. He conducted statistical research on local and urban meteorology at the Meteorological Research Institute in Japan. Since the start of the 2000s, he has studied urban climate change. Beginning in the 2010s, he has investigated mortality due to extreme high and low temperatures at Tokyo Metropolitan University from a climatological viewpoint. He was a board member of the Meteorological Society of Japan (MSJ) and the Heat Island Institute International, and he served as the editor-in-chief of Tenki, the Japanese Journal of the MSJ from 2007 to 2018.

• Part 1. Urban Heat Islands and Urban Warming in Japan.- Chapter 1. Basic Features of the Urban Heat Island (UHI).- 1.1 Observational Studies on Nighttime UHIs.- 1.1.1 Examples of UHI.- 1.1.2 Vertical Structure of UHI.- 1.2 Climatology of UHI Intensity.- 1.2.1 Indices of UHI Intensity and Urbanness.- 1.2.2 Relationship between Nighttime UHI Intensity and Climatological Factors.- 1.3 Mechanisms of UHI Formation.- Chapter 2. Climatology of Long-term Urban Warming.- 2.1 Interest in Urban Warming.- 2.2 Detection of Urban Warming in Long-term Temperature Trends in Japan.- 2.2.1 Relationship between Temperature Trends and Population Density.- 2.2.2 Dependence of Temperature Trends on Population Density: Analysis for a Centennial Time Scale.- 2.3 Dependence of Urban Warming on Weather Conditions.- Chapter 3. Sub-city Scale Temperature Distribution.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Temperature around Urban Parks.- 3.3 Microscale Effects on Observed Temperature.- 3.4 Microscale Effects on Long-term Temperature Trends.- Chapter 4. Wind and Precipitation in Cities.- 4.1 Urban Wind.- 4.1.1 Urban Effects on Surface Wind Speed.- 4.1.2 Heat-island Circulation.- 4.1.3 Interaction between the Heat-island Circulation and Local Winds.- 4.2 Urban Humidity and Precipitation.- 4.2.1 Relative Humidity and Amount of Water Vapor.- 4.2.2 Urban Fog.- 4.2.3 Clouds and Precipitation in Cities.- 4.2.4 Urban Snow.- Part 2. Climatology of Heat and Cold Mortalities in Japan.- Chapter 5. Climatology of Heat Stroke Mortality in Japan.- 5.1 Basic Statistics of Heat Stroke Deaths in Japan.- 5.1.1 Outline of Heat Stroke Data.- 5.1.2 Definition of Heat Stroke Mortality Rate.- 5.1.3 Basic Statistics of Heat Stroke Mortality in Japan.- 5.2 Regional Variations of Heat Stroke Mortality Rates and Temperature.- 5.2.1 Outline of the Analysis Procedure.- 5.2.2 Spatial Patterns.- 5.2.3 Interannual Variability.- 5.2.4 Seasonal Variations.- 5.2.5 Summary and Remarks.- 5.3 Relationship between Daily Heat Stroke Mortality and Temperature.- 5.3.1 Background.- 5.3.2 Regional and Temporal Features.- 5.3.3 Summary and Remarks.- 5.4 Dependence of Municipality-wise Heat Stroke Mortality Rate on Temperature and Economic States.- 5.4.1 Background.- 5.4.2 Data and Procedure of Analysis.- 5.4.3 Results of Correlation Analysis.- 5.4.4 Summary and Remarks.- Chapter 6. Comparison of Climatology of Ambulance Transport Rates and Mortality.- 6.1 Background.- 6.2 Data and Analysis.- 6.3 Regional, Interannual and Seasonal Variations of Transport Rate.- 6.4 Relationship between Daily Transport Rate and Meteorological Factors.- 6.5 Summary and Remarks.- Chapter 7. Climatology of Cold Mortality in Japan.- 7.1 Background.- 7.2 Data and Analysis.- 7.3 Basic Statistics of Cold Mortality.- 7.4 Regional and Temporal Features of Cold Mortality.- 7.5 Relationship between Daily Cold Mortality and Temperature..- 7.6 Dependence on Municipality-wise Cold Mortality on Temperature and Annual Income.- 7.7 Summary and Remarks.- Part 3. Outline of the Climate and Meteorological Observations in Japan.- Chapter 8. Outline of the Geography and Climate of Japan.- 8.1 Topography and Local Government System of Japan.- 8.2. Climatology of Summer High Temperature in Japan.- 8.2.1 Overview of the Climate of Japan.- 8.2.2 Outline of Midsummer Weather.- 8.2.3 Thermally-induced Winds and Urban Heat Island in the Kanto Plain.- Chapter 9. Availability and Homogeneity of Meteorological Data in Japan.- 9.1 Meteorological Observation Systems in Japan.- 9.1.1 JMA Observatories.- 9.1.2 Automated Meteorological Data Acquisition System (AMeDAS).- 9.1.3 Kunai Observation.- 9.1.4 Other Surface Observations.- 9.1.5 Upper-level Observation.- 9.2 Temporal Homogeneity of JMA Observation Data.- 9.2.1 Effect of Site Changes.- 9.2.2 Change in Observation Equipment.- 9.2.3 Change in Observation Time.