Climate and circulation of the tropics

• 1. Introduction.- References.- 2. Diurnal Forcings and Local Circulations.- 2.1. Insolation and Heat Budget Forcing.- 2.2. Atmospheric Tides.- 2.3. Circulations on the Local and Meso-Scale.- 2.4. Diurnal Marches of Sea-Air Exchange, Cloudiness, and Precipitation.- 2.5. Synthesis.- References.- 3. Planetary Scale Atmospheric Circulation.- 3.1. Mean Meridional Distribution of Temperature and Humidity.- 3.2. Zonal Wind Regime.- 3.3. Mean Meridional Circulation.- 3.4. Maintenance of the Global Circulation: Angular Momentum.- 3.5. Maintenance of the Global Circulation: Kinetic Energy.- 3.6. Synthesis.- References.- 4. Ocean Circulation.- 4.1. Wind Stress and Motion Field in the Upper Ocean.- 4.2. The Subtropical Gyres.- 4.3. Equatorial Current Systems.- 4.4. The Monsoon Ocean.- 4.5. Deep Circulation.- 4.6. Synthesis.- References.- 5. Heat and Water Budgets.- 5.1. Basic Theory.- 5.2. Net Radiation at the Top of the Atmosphere.- 5.3. Oceanic Heat Budget.- 5.4. Atmospheric Heat Budget.- 5.5. Water Budget.- 5.6. Relative Roles of Oceanic Versus Atmospheric Heat Transports.- 5.7. Synthesis.- References.- 6. Regional Circulation Sytems.- 6.1. Overview of the Global Tropics.- 6.2. Jet Streams.- 6.3. Subtropical Highs.- 6.4. Trades.- 6.5. Trade Inversion.- 6.6. Mid-Tropospheric Inversions.- 6.7. Equatorial Trough Zone.- 6.8. Monsoons.- 6.9. Zonal Circulations.- 6.10. Upper-Tropospheric Anticyclones.- 6.11. Wind Regimes of the Equatorial Stratosphere.- 6.12. Synthesis.- References.- 7. Climatology of Weather Systems.- 7.1. Clouds and Convection.- 7.2. Tropical Storms.- 7.3. Waves in the Easterlies.- 7.4. Squall Lines.- 7.5. Dust Storms of the Sudan.- 7.6. Monsoon Depressions.- 7.7. Subtropical Cyclones.- 7.8. Temporales of Pacific Central America.- 7.9. Cold Surges.- 7.10. Interannual Variability.- 7.11. Synthesis.- References.- 8. Interannual Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean System.- 8.1. Surface Patterns of the Southern Oscillation.- 8.2. El Niño.- 8.3. Rainfall Anomalies in Indonesia.- 8.4. Upper-Air Patterns of ENSO.- 8.5. Vagaries of the Indian Monsoon.- 8.6. The Sêcas of Northeast Brazil.- 8.7. Rainfall Variations in the Central American — Caribbean Region.- 8.8. Drought and Flood Regimes in Subsaharan Africa.- 8.9. Climate Anomalies at the Angola Coast.- 8.10. Hydrometeorological Anomalies in the Zaïre (Congo) Basin.- 8.11. Time Scales of Climate Variability.- 8.12. Synthesis.- References.- 9. Climate Prediction.- 9.1. Indian Monsoon.- 9.2. Indonesia Rainfall.- 9.3. El Niño.- 9.4. The Droughts of Northeast Brazil.- 9.5. Subsaharan Drought.- 9.6. Southern Africa.- 9.7. Kenya Rainfall.- 9.8. North Atlantic Hurricanes.- 9.9. Hong Kong Climate.- 9.10. Synthesis and Outlook.- References.- 10. The Human Impact.- 10.1. Deforestation.- 10.2. Land Use and Surface Albedo.- 10.3. Effects of Dust on Climate.- 10.4. Intentional Climate Modification.- 10.5. Ocean Climate and Fisheries.- 10.6. India.- 10.7. Northeast Brazil.- 10.8. Subsaharan Africa.- 10.9. The Use of Climate Prediction.- 10.10. Synthesis.- References.- 11. Tropical Glaciers and Climate.- 11.1. Spatial Patterns.- 11.2. History of Glacier Variations.- 11.3. Climatic Forcing and Terminus Response.- 11.4. Ice Cores.- 11.5. Synthesis.- References.- 12. Past Climates of the Tropics.- 12.1. Causes of Climate Variations.- 12.2. Vegetation.- 12.3. Lakes.- 12.4. Glaciers.- 12.5. Deep-Sea Cores.- 12.6. Pacific and Australasia.- 12.7. The Indian Ocean and Surrounding Continents.- 12.8. Africa and the Adjacent Tropical Atlantic.- 12.9. Americas.- 12.10. Numerical Modelling.- 12.11.Synthesis.- References.- Author Index.

'The diagrams in this book contain a wealth of information...this is a major reference book that would be most useful to research workers in tropical climatology. I am glad to have a copy of this valuable book, and I feel strongly that my research students would benefit from it. Hastenrath should be commended for this painstaking effort.' T.N. Krishnamurti, Florida State University in EOS 'The author has provided a significant service to the meteorological community by making available, under one cover, the major aspects of our current understanding of tropical climate, with consideration of time scales ranging from the diurnal to the geologic, and space scales ranging from the "local" to the planetary. The suse of examples from a wide range of geographical locations in the tropics is a very positive aspect of this book. ...should also serve as an important reference work for the research community, not only in meteorology, but in oceanography and other environmental sciences.' Bulletin American Meteorological Society