Clean and Renewable Energy Production

Surajit Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has over seven years of experience in teaching and research, and he has published 29 articles in scientific journals. Adesh Kumar, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has published over 100 research papers in peer-reviewed journals and conferences. He has been the guest editor for numerous scientific journals and is an editor of one book series. Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies (UPES), Dehradun, India. He has published more than 100 research papers in scientific journals and conferences. He also has several patents to his credit. Amit Kumar Mondal, PhD, is an assistant professor in the Department of Mechatronics Engineering and In- Charge Centre for Robotics and Artificial Intelligence at Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Dubai, UAE. He has published over 40 papers in scientific journals and conferences and has four patents. Vishal Kumar Singh, PhD, is a research fellow in water, waste, and energy management from the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, India. He has work experience of more than three years as an environment engineer and has published peer-reviewed review articles in scientific journals. He also has several patents to his credit. Amit Kumar Sharma, PhD, is an assistant professor in Applied Sciences Cluster, and Centre of Alternate Energy Research at the University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. He earned his PhD on microalgae-based fuels from UPES, and his research interest is mainly focused on biofuels, biorefineries, and other biotechnologies

• Preface xvii1 Vegetable Seed Oils as Biofuel: Need, Motivation, and Research Identifications 1Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar1.1 Introduction to Vegetable Oils 21.2 Motivation 41.3 Need of Research 61.4 Detailed Survey 101.5 Identification of the Research Gaps 161.6 Conclusions 202 Methodology and Instrumentation for Biofuel with Study on Cashew Nut Shell Liquid 27Deepak Kumar, Vijay Kumar Chhibber, Ajay Singh and Adesh Kumar2.1 Methodology 282.2 Procedure 292.3 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 312.4 Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry 322.5 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance 342.6 CNSL Study 352.7 Conclusions 513 Emerging Technologies for Sustainable Energy Applications 53Swagata Sarma, Gaurav Pandey, Uttamasha B. Borah, Nadezhda Molokitina, Geetanjali Chauhan and Monika Yadav3.1 Introduction 543.2 Carbon Dioxide Sequestration 563.3 Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage 703.4 Renewable Energy 743.5 Conclusion 814 Affordable and Clean Energy: Natural Gas Hydrates and Hydrogen Storage 87Uttamasha B. Borah, Gaurav Pandey, Swagata Sarma, Nadezhda Molokitina and Geetanjali Chauhan4.1 Introduction 884.2 Gas Hydrates 894.3 Hydrogen Energy 1084.4 Recent Advancement Toward Clean Energy Applications 1144.5 Conclusion 1155 Wind and Solar PV System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Hybrid Renewable Energy Technology 123Madhura K. Pardhe, Rupendra Kumar Pachauri and Priyanka Sharma5.1 Introduction 1245.2 Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development 1265.3 Global Energy Scenario 1275.4 Solar Energy Potential 1295.5 Wind Potential for Power Generation 1295.6 Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems 1305.7 Pros and Cons of the Hybrid Renewable Energy System 1325.8 Conclusion 1376 A Systematic Review of the Last Decade for Advances in Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells with Bioelectricity Generation 143Vijay Parthasarthy, Riya Bhattacharya, Roshan K. R., Shankar R., Siddhant Srivastava and Debajyoti Bose6.1 Introduction 1446.2 Background 1456.3 Methodology 1486.4 Study Selection Criteria 1496.5 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of Photosynthetic Microbial Fuel Cells 1506.6 Outlook 1637 Hydrothermal Liquefaction as a Sustainable Strategy for Integral Valorization of Agricultural Waste 175Manisha Jagadale, Mahesh Jadhav, Nagesh Kumar T., Prateek Shrivastava and Niranjan Kumar7.1 Introduction 1767.2 Generation of Biofuels 1777.3 Biomass Conversion Routes 1787.4 HTL Reaction Mechanism 1797.5 HTL Process Yield Calculations 1807.6 HTL Advantage Over Pyrolysis 1807.7 Types of Reactors for the Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process 1827.8 Influence of Operating Parameters 1847.9 Product Distribution and Evaluation 1907.10 Potential Applications of HTL Products 1927.11 Challenges and Limitations of the HTL Process 1937.12 Techno-Economic and Environmental Analysis 1947.13 Conclusions 1948 Imperative Role of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell System and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Modern Electric Vehicle Transportation: Challenges and Future Perspectives 201Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Deepa Sharma, Surajit Mondal, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma8.1 Introduction 2028.2 Modeling of the PEMFC System 2068.3 Electrical Vehicle Categories 2078.4 Hydrogen Energy Storage 2118.5 Future Scope, Challenges, and Benefits of FCEVs 2148.6 Pros and Cons of Electric Vehicles in the Aspect of Modern Transportation System 2168.7 MATLAB/Simulink Study of FC-Powered Electric Drive System 2168.8 Conclusion 2219 Ocean Energy—A Myriad of Opportunities in the Renewable Energy Sector 225R. Raajiv, R. Vijaya Kumar and Jitendra Kumar Pandey9.1 Introduction 2269.2 International Agencies Promoting Ocean Energy Projects 2279.3 Ocean Energy Potential 2289.4 Types of Ocean Energy 2309.5 Tidal Energy 2309.6 Tidal Currents 2359.7 Wave Energy 2359.8 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 2379.9 Salinity Gradient 2389.10 Marine Energy Projects in India 2399.11 Conclusion 24110 Performance of 5@Years of ESE Lightning Protection System: A Review 247Sachin Kumar, Gagan Singh and Nafees Ahamad Introduction 24811 Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Imperative Role of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning 267Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Jitendra Yadav, Stephen Oko@Gyan@Torto, Ahmad Faiz Minai, Vikas Pandey, Shashikant and Priyanka Sharma11.1 Introduction 26811.2 Solar Energy Power Generation Scenario in the Indian Context 27111.3 Applications of AI and ML in Solar PV Systems 27111.4 Pros and Cons of AI and ML Techniques in Solar PV System 27711.5 Application of GA-Based Optimal Placement of PV Modules in an Array to Reduce PSCs 27711.6 Conclusion 28312 Waste to Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 287Senthil Kumar Kandasamy and Ramyea R.12.1 Introduction 28712.2 Preparation Methods 29012.3 Carbonization and Activation 29012.4 Electrode Materials Extracted from Biowastes 29312.5 Energy Storage Applications 29712.6 Importance of Electrolyte 30412.7 Conclusions 30413 A Review of Electrolysis Techniques to Produce Hydrogen for a Futuristic Hydrogen Economy 313Vijay Parthasarthy, Siddhant Srivastava, Riya Bhattacharya, Sudeep Katakam, Akash Krishnadoss, Gaurav Mitra and Debajyoti Bose13.1 Introduction 31413.2 Methodology 31713.3 Configurations and Performance Evaluation of AEM Electrolyzer 31913.4 Scope for Improvements 32913.5 Conclusion 33114 Prospects of Sustainability for Carbon Footprint Reduction 335Riya Bhattacharya, Debajyoti Bose, Gaurav Mitra and Abhijeeta Sarkar14.1 Introduction 33614.2 Context and Outcomes of the United Nations Climate Change Framework 33714.3 Monitoring Direct and Indirect Carbon Emissions 33914.4 Sustainable Alternatives to Reduce Carbon Footprints 34114.5 Carbon Elimination from the Atmosphere 34714.6 Outlook 34815 Conventional and AI-Based MPPT Techniques for Solar Photovoltaic System-Based Power Generation: Constraints and Future Perception 355Rupendra Kumar Pachauri, Vaibhav Sharma, Adesh Kumar, Shashikant, Akhlaque Ahmad Khan and Priyanka Sharma15.1 Introduction 35615.2 MPPT Systems 35915.3 Challenges and Future Perspective 36915.4 Radial Diagram-Based Relational Performance of MPPT Techniques 37015.5 Conclusion 37016 Bioethanol Production and Its Impact on a Future Bioeconomy 375Apurva Jaiswal, Riya Bhattacharya, Siddhant Srivastava, Ayushi Singh and Debajyoti Bose16.1 Introduction to Bioenergy 37616.2 Overview of Lignocellulosic Biomass 38016.3 Challenges and Opportunities 38916.4 Bioethanol Economy 39517 Waste-to-Energy Technologies for Energy Recovery 413Shivam Pandey, Anjana Sharma, Naveen Kumar, Nupur Aggarwal and Ajay Vasishth17.1 Energy 41417.2 Alternatives to Waste-to-Energy Routes that Might Be Used 41717.3 The Situation of the Waste-to-Energy Market Today 41817.4 Technical and Economic Considerations 42317.5 Conclusion 43218 Biodiesel Production, Storage Stability, and Industrial Applications: Opportunities and Challenges 437Girdhar Joshi18.1 Biodiesel 43818.2 Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production 43918.3 Biodiesel Conversion Methods 44518.4 Physicochemical Properties of Biodiesel 46618.5 Storage Stability of Biodiesel 46618.6 Combustion Characteristics of Biodiesel 47518.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biodiesel 47619 Biomass Energy and Its Conversion 489Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke19.1 Introduction 49019.2 Sources of Biomass 49119.3 Techniques for Converting Biomass Into Energy 49219.4 Biochemical/Biological Conversion 49619.5 Physical Conversion 49719.6 Power Plant Dynamic Modeling and Simulation Using Biomass as Fuel 49819.7 Summary 50020 Co-Gasification of Coal and Waste Biomass for Power Generation 505Naval V. Koralkar, Mohit Kumar, Raj Kumar and Praveen Kumar Ghodke20.1 Introduction 50620.2 Co-Gasification 50920.3 Biomass Gasification Co-Generation 51620.4 Summary 516References 517Index 523