Classify, Exclude, Police

Laurent Fourchard is Research Professor at the Centre for International Studies (CERI) and at the Urban School of Sciences Po, Paris, France. His research is located at the intersection of comparative urban studies, African history, and African politics. He combines historical and ethnographic methods and privileges a comparative analysis through a description of everyday practices in Nigerian and South African cities. His interests focus on security practices, apparatus of exclusion, colonial and postcolonial governments and negotiation and conflicts in urban public places.

• Series Editors’ Preface viiiAcknowledgements ixClassify, Exclude, Police 1Part I Governing Colonial Urban Space 211 Classifying and Excluding Migrants 25Race and Urban Space 28Differentiating Urbans from Migrants in South Africa 33Stabilisation Policies and Urban Residential Rights 34Reinterpreting the Riots in Sharpeville and Langa 38Differentiating Natives from Non‐Natives in Nigeria 45The Birth of Territorial Enclaves: Non‐Native Neighbourhoods 46Regionalism and Decolonisation 49The Kano Riots 52Conclusion 54Notes 582 The Making of a Delinquent 63Rise of Urban Poverty and Delinquency Issues 66Between Psychometric Expertise and Penal Reform in South Africa 68The Empire’s First Social Services in Lagos 71Race, Gender and Welfare 73From Preference to Racial Differentiation in South Africa 74Juvenile Prostitution and the Construction of a Moral Space in Nigeria 77A Coercive Incomplete Welfare State 81From Financial Indigence to Flogging in Urban Nigeria 83Violent Socialisation of Urban Youth in South African Institutions 85Conclusion 88Notes 90Part II Policing the Neighbourhood 953 Vigilantism and Violence Under Colonialism and Apartheid 103Policing in a Colonial Situation: Historiographical Detours 104Violence and Vigilantism in South African Townships 107Violence and the Making of Township Communities in the Cape Flats 111Violence and Vigilantism in South‐West Nigeria 117Honour and Violence in the Centre of Ibadan 120Conclusion 123Notes 1254 Commodification, Politicisation and Uneven Pacification of Contemporary Vigilantism 129State Regulation and Commodification in Nigeria 133Commodifying Protection and Regulating Vigilante Violence in Ibadan 135Return to Democracy and Uneven Pacification of Vigilantism 139Politicisation, Bureaucratisation and Feminisation of Vigilantism in the Cape Flats 142Politicisation of Security Initiatives 145Limited Pacification and Bureaucratisation of Vigilantism 147Feminisation of Vigilantism 153Conclusion 157Notes 159Part III Politics of the Street, Politics in the Office 1655 Patronage, Taxation and the Politicisation of Urban Space 171Patronage and Urban Projects 174The Amala Politics in Ibadan 176The Metropolitan Project in Lagos 180Revenues, Violence and Politicisation in Motor Parks 184Extorting Money or Levying Taxes? 186Governing Transport Between Patronage and Bureaucracy 190Violence, Loyalty and Politicisation in Motor Parks 194Conclusion 198Notes 2006 Bureaucrats, Indigenes and a New Urban Politics of Exclusion 203Institutionalising Exclusion, Manufacturing New Urban Belonging 207Producing Certificates, Identifying Urban Ancestry 215Indigeneity, Segregation and Patronage 223Conclusion 229Notes 230Conclusion: The Urban Legacy of Exclusion, Policing and Violence 233References 243Appendix 1: Dictionary 273Index 279