A Stewart Whitley FCR, TDCR, HDCR, FETC is currently Radiology Advisor, UK Radiology Advisory Services and the Director of Professional Practice for the International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) having previously been the ISRRT Treasurer for 8 years and engaged with a number of WHO and IAEA committees . Stewart was formerly the Radiology and Physiotherapy Business Manager for the Radiology Directorate at Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK. Stewart, in his role as senior author, has been long associated with the Clark’s Positioning in Radiography text books and involvement with the Clark’s pocket book series.Jan Dodgeon MSc, DCR(R), DMU is Senior Lecturer and former Programme Leader for Advanced Medical Imaging (Radiology and Ultrasound), University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UKAngela Meadows MSc, BSc(Hons) is Unit Manager, Preston PET CT Centre (Alliance Medical in Partnership with Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust), Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, Lancashire, UKJane Cullingworth PhD, MSc, HDCR, PGCert is Superintendent Radiographer (MRI), Scarborough Hospital, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Scarborough, Yorkshire, UKKen Holmes FCR, MSc, TDCR, DRI, CertCI is Senior Lecturer, School of Medical Imaging Sciences, University of Cumbria, Carlisle and Lancaster, UKMarcus Jackson DCR(R), BSc(Hons), MA, PgD, EdD, PGCHE, SFHEA is Associate Professor, Head of Department of Radiography and Associate Dean (Student Experience), Kingston and St. George’s Joint Faculty, Joint Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Department of Radiography, School of Allied Health, Social Care and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, London, UKGraham Hoadley BSc(Hons), MBBS, FRCR is Consultant Radiologist and former Director of Radiology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, Lancashire, UKRandeep Kumar Kulshrestha MBBS, FRCR, CCT is Consultant Radiologist, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK

• Preface Authors and contributors Acknowledgements Origin of Clark’s textbooks Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals Chapter 3 Musculoskeletal system Chapter 4 Respiratory system Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glandsChapter 6 Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen Chapter 7 Urinary system Chapter 8 Reproductive system Chapter 9 Cardiovascular system Chapter 10 Endocrine system Chapter 11 Central nervous system Chapter 12 Breast imaging Chapter 13 Miscellaneous procedures Index

"This book is useful for under and postgraduate radiographic students when investigating alternative diagnostic investigations other than radiography. It is useful in clinical practice as a reference for providing advice on what gold standard imaging/investigations can be utilised in a patient’s diagnostic pathway." -RAD Magazine

A Stewart Whitley FCR, TDCR, HDCR, FETC is currently Radiology Advisor, UK Radiology Advisory Services and the Director of Professional Practice for the International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) having previously been the ISRRT Treasurer for 8 years and engaged with a number of WHO and IAEA committees . Stewart was formerly the Radiology and Physiotherapy Business Manager for the Radiology Directorate at Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK. Stewart, in his role as senior author, has been long associated with the Clark’s Positioning in Radiography text books and involvement with the Clark’s pocket book series.Jan Dodgeon MSc, DCR(R), DMU is Senior Lecturer and former Programme Leader for Advanced Medical Imaging (Radiology and Ultrasound), University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UKAngela Meadows MSc, BSc(Hons) is Unit Manager, Preston PET CT Centre (Alliance Medical in Partnership with Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust), Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, Lancashire, UKJane Cullingworth PhD, MSc, HDCR, PGCert is Superintendent Radiographer (MRI), Scarborough Hospital, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Scarborough, Yorkshire, UKKen Holmes FCR, MSc, TDCR, DRI, CertCI is Senior Lecturer, School of Medical Imaging Sciences, University of Cumbria, Carlisle and Lancaster, UKMarcus Jackson DCR(R), BSc(Hons), MA, PgD, EdD, PGCHE, SFHEA is Associate Professor, Head of Department of Radiography and Associate Dean (Student Experience), Kingston and St. George’s Joint Faculty, Joint Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Department of Radiography, School of Allied Health, Social Care and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, London, UKGraham Hoadley BSc(Hons), MBBS, FRCR is Consultant Radiologist and former Director of Radiology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, Lancashire, UKRandeep Kumar Kulshrestha MBBS, FRCR, CCT is Consultant Radiologist, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK

• Preface Authors and contributors Acknowledgements Origin of Clark’s textbooks Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals Chapter 3 Musculoskeletal system Chapter 4 Respiratory system Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glandsChapter 6 Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen Chapter 7 Urinary system Chapter 8 Reproductive system Chapter 9 Cardiovascular system Chapter 10 Endocrine system Chapter 11 Central nervous system Chapter 12 Breast imaging Chapter 13 Miscellaneous procedures Index

"This book is useful for under and postgraduate radiographic students when investigating alternative diagnostic investigations other than radiography. It is useful in clinical practice as a reference for providing advice on what gold standard imaging/investigations can be utilised in a patient’s diagnostic pathway." -RAD Magazine

A Stewart Whitley FCR, TDCR, HDCR, FETC is currently Radiology Advisor, UK Radiology Advisory Services and the Director of Professional Practice for the International Society of Radiographers and Radiological Technologists (ISRRT) having previously been the ISRRT Treasurer for 8 years and engaged with a number of WHO and IAEA committees . Stewart was formerly the Radiology and Physiotherapy Business Manager for the Radiology Directorate at Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool, Lancashire, UK. Stewart, in his role as senior author, has been long associated with the Clark’s Positioning in Radiography text books and involvement with the Clark’s pocket book series.Jan Dodgeon MSc, DCR(R), DMU is Senior Lecturer and former Programme Leader for Advanced Medical Imaging (Radiology and Ultrasound), University of Salford, Salford, Greater Manchester, UKAngela Meadows MSc, BSc(Hons) is Unit Manager, Preston PET CT Centre (Alliance Medical in Partnership with Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust), Royal Preston Hospital, Preston, Lancashire, UKJane Cullingworth PhD, MSc, HDCR, PGCert is Superintendent Radiographer (MRI), Scarborough Hospital, York Teaching Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Scarborough, Yorkshire, UKKen Holmes FCR, MSc, TDCR, DRI, CertCI is Senior Lecturer, School of Medical Imaging Sciences, University of Cumbria, Carlisle and Lancaster, UKMarcus Jackson DCR(R), BSc(Hons), MA, PgD, EdD, PGCHE, SFHEA is Associate Professor, Head of Department of Radiography and Associate Dean (Student Experience), Kingston and St. George’s Joint Faculty, Joint Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, Department of Radiography, School of Allied Health, Social Care and Midwifery, Faculty of Health, Social Care and Education, London, UKGraham Hoadley BSc(Hons), MBBS, FRCR is Consultant Radiologist and former Director of Radiology, Blackpool Victoria Hospital, Blackpool Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Blackpool, Lancashire, UKRandeep Kumar Kulshrestha MBBS, FRCR, CCT is Consultant Radiologist, Bristol Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK

• Preface Authors and contributors Acknowledgements Origin of Clark’s textbooks Abbreviations Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Contrast enhancement agents and radiopharmaceuticals Chapter 3 Musculoskeletal system Chapter 4 Respiratory system Chapter 5 Gastrointestinal tract and salivary glandsChapter 6 Liver and biliary system, pancreas and spleen Chapter 7 Urinary system Chapter 8 Reproductive system Chapter 9 Cardiovascular system Chapter 10 Endocrine system Chapter 11 Central nervous system Chapter 12 Breast imaging Chapter 13 Miscellaneous procedures Index

"This book is useful for under and postgraduate radiographic students when investigating alternative diagnostic investigations other than radiography. It is useful in clinical practice as a reference for providing advice on what gold standard imaging/investigations can be utilised in a patient’s diagnostic pathway." -RAD Magazine