Karl-Peter Sommermann is Professor of Public Law, Political Theory, and Comparative Law at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, Germany, and Senior Fellow at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.Adam Krzywoń is Professor of Constitutional Law at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw, Poland, and Research Fellow at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.Cristina Fraenkel-Haeberle is Professor of Public Law at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, Germany, and Senior Researcher at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.

• Preface; Introduction; Part I: Concepts, Origins and Challenges; 1. Defining the Civil Service: Towards a Better Understanding of the Nature of Civil Service Systems in Europe; 2. Governing and Administering: The European Origins and Traditions of Civil Service; 3. The Changing Tasks and Environment of Public Administration: Challenges for the Civil Service; Part II: The Transformation of National Civil Service Systems; 4. The Civil Service in Austria: Tradition, Reforms and the Impact of European Law; 5. The Civil Service in Belgium: Between Fragmentation and Common Principles; 6. The Civil Service in Denmark: From a Public to a Private Law Employment Regime; 7. The Civil Service in France: The Evolution and Permanence of the Career System; 8. The Civil Service in Germany: A Service Based on Mutual Loyalty; 9. The Civil Service in Hungary: Differentiation and Privatisation Trends; 10. The Civil Service in Italy: A Flood of Legislative Reforms and a Few Safe Harbours; 11. The Civil Service in the Netherlands: The Normalisation of the Legal Status of Civil Servants; 12. The Civil Service in Poland: A Turbulent Path towards Professionalism, Merit-Based Recruitment and Insulation from Politicisation; 13. The Civil Service in Spain: The Deficit of Organisation in Public Employment and the Principle of Democracy; 14. The Civil Service in Sweden: Duality and Non-Specific Status of Civil Servants; 15. The Civil Service in Switzerland: Between Flexibility and Tradition; 16. The Civil Service UK Style: Facing Up to Change?; 17. The Civil Service in Ukraine: Transformation in Times of War; 18. Development of the Civil Service in a Comparative Perspective; Part III: Supra- and International Systems of Civil Service; 19. The Civil Service of the European Union; 20. The Civil Service in International Organisations: The Example of the Coordinated Organisations; Part IV: In Search of Common European Standards: Public Sector Employment Regimes; 21. Civil Service in Transition: Privatisation or Alignment of Employment Conditions?; 22. The Particular Status of the Civil Service; 23. Ensuring the Independence of the Civil Service: Civil Service, Rule of Law and Democratic Backsliding; 24. The Recruitment of Civil Servants: Bridging Democratic Requirements and Efficiency; 25. The Disciplinary Responsibility of Civil Servants: European Minimum Standards; 26. The Basic Principles of Civil Servants’ Remuneration: A Legal and Human Resource Management Analysis from a European Perspective; 27. Civil Service Retirement Pension Regime; 28. Administrative Law and Bureaucratic Autonomy in a Comparative European Perspective; Part V: Gender Equality and Non-discrimination in the Civil Service; 29. EU Non-Discrimination Law and its Potential Impact on the Civil Service of the Member States; 30. Gender Equality in the Civil Service; Part VI: The Civil Service in the Digital Age; 31. The Internet and Digital Technologies as Essential Tools for the Civil Service; 32. The Civil Service and Artificial Intelligence; 33. Public Administrations and Data Protection: An Unstoppable Europeanisation through Fundamental Rights; 34. Digital Competencies in the Civil Service; Part VII: The Role of Ethics in the Civil Service, Administrative Culture and the Fight Against Corruption; 35. Ethical Standards for the Civil Service in Europe: Substitutes for or Complements of Legal Rules?; 36. The Civil Service in Transition – The Ongoing Transformation of Administrative Culture; 37. Common European Anti-Corruption-Standards for Civil Servants; 38. Europeanisation and the Impact of Deliberative and Participatory Democracy on the Civil Service; Part VIII: Rights and Freedoms of Civil Servants; 39. Right of Access to the Public Service in the European Convention of Human Rights: A Missed Opportunity?; 40. The Protection of Privacy in Civil Service Employment; 41. Freedom of Religion or Belief in the Civil Service: How to Stay Loyal to the State While Remaining True to Oneself?; 42. Freedom of Expression of Civil Servants: Balancing Duties and Responsibilities with the Requirements of Open and Free Public Debate; 43. The Development of a Legal Framework on Whistleblowing by Public Employees in the European Union; 44. The Right to Join Trade Unions and Political Parties; 45. The Right to Strike in the Civil Service; 46. The Right to a Fair Trial for Civil Servants and the Importance of the State’s Interest in Applying Article 6, Paragraph 1 ECHR; Part IX: The Transformation of the Civil Service under the Influence of a New Conceptualisation of Public Administration; 47. Do Public Management Concepts Have an Impact on Civil Service Regimes?; 48. Leading Trends in the Development of the Civil Service in Europe; 49. Political Influence and the Transformation of Civil Service Systems; 50. Civil Service Adaptation and Reform in the Context of European Governance, (De-) Europeanisation and National Competition; 51. Transformational Impulses of International Law and Union Law for the Civil Service

Karl-Peter Sommermann is Professor of Public Law, Political Theory, and Comparative Law at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, Germany, and Senior Fellow at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.Adam Krzywoń is Professor of Constitutional Law at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw, Poland, and Research Fellow at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.Cristina Fraenkel-Haeberle is Professor of Public Law at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, Germany, and Senior Researcher at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.

• Preface; Introduction; Part I: Concepts, Origins and Challenges; 1. Defining the Civil Service: Towards a Better Understanding of the Nature of Civil Service Systems in Europe; 2. Governing and Administering: The European Origins and Traditions of Civil Service; 3. The Changing Tasks and Environment of Public Administration: Challenges for the Civil Service; Part II: The Transformation of National Civil Service Systems; 4. The Civil Service in Austria: Tradition, Reforms and the Impact of European Law; 5. The Civil Service in Belgium: Between Fragmentation and Common Principles; 6. The Civil Service in Denmark: From a Public to a Private Law Employment Regime; 7. The Civil Service in France: The Evolution and Permanence of the Career System; 8. The Civil Service in Germany: A Service Based on Mutual Loyalty; 9. The Civil Service in Hungary: Differentiation and Privatisation Trends; 10. The Civil Service in Italy: A Flood of Legislative Reforms and a Few Safe Harbours; 11. The Civil Service in the Netherlands: The Normalisation of the Legal Status of Civil Servants; 12. The Civil Service in Poland: A Turbulent Path towards Professionalism, Merit-Based Recruitment and Insulation from Politicisation; 13. The Civil Service in Spain: The Deficit of Organisation in Public Employment and the Principle of Democracy; 14. The Civil Service in Sweden: Duality and Non-Specific Status of Civil Servants; 15. The Civil Service in Switzerland: Between Flexibility and Tradition; 16. The Civil Service UK Style: Facing Up to Change?; 17. The Civil Service in Ukraine: Transformation in Times of War; 18. Development of the Civil Service in a Comparative Perspective; Part III: Supra- and International Systems of Civil Service; 19. The Civil Service of the European Union; 20. The Civil Service in International Organisations: The Example of the Coordinated Organisations; Part IV: In Search of Common European Standards: Public Sector Employment Regimes; 21. Civil Service in Transition: Privatisation or Alignment of Employment Conditions?; 22. The Particular Status of the Civil Service; 23. Ensuring the Independence of the Civil Service: Civil Service, Rule of Law and Democratic Backsliding; 24. The Recruitment of Civil Servants: Bridging Democratic Requirements and Efficiency; 25. The Disciplinary Responsibility of Civil Servants: European Minimum Standards; 26. The Basic Principles of Civil Servants’ Remuneration: A Legal and Human Resource Management Analysis from a European Perspective; 27. Civil Service Retirement Pension Regime; 28. Administrative Law and Bureaucratic Autonomy in a Comparative European Perspective; Part V: Gender Equality and Non-discrimination in the Civil Service; 29. EU Non-Discrimination Law and its Potential Impact on the Civil Service of the Member States; 30. Gender Equality in the Civil Service; Part VI: The Civil Service in the Digital Age; 31. The Internet and Digital Technologies as Essential Tools for the Civil Service; 32. The Civil Service and Artificial Intelligence; 33. Public Administrations and Data Protection: An Unstoppable Europeanisation through Fundamental Rights; 34. Digital Competencies in the Civil Service; Part VII: The Role of Ethics in the Civil Service, Administrative Culture and the Fight Against Corruption; 35. Ethical Standards for the Civil Service in Europe: Substitutes for or Complements of Legal Rules?; 36. The Civil Service in Transition – The Ongoing Transformation of Administrative Culture; 37. Common European Anti-Corruption-Standards for Civil Servants; 38. Europeanisation and the Impact of Deliberative and Participatory Democracy on the Civil Service; Part VIII: Rights and Freedoms of Civil Servants; 39. Right of Access to the Public Service in the European Convention of Human Rights: A Missed Opportunity?; 40. The Protection of Privacy in Civil Service Employment; 41. Freedom of Religion or Belief in the Civil Service: How to Stay Loyal to the State While Remaining True to Oneself?; 42. Freedom of Expression of Civil Servants: Balancing Duties and Responsibilities with the Requirements of Open and Free Public Debate; 43. The Development of a Legal Framework on Whistleblowing by Public Employees in the European Union; 44. The Right to Join Trade Unions and Political Parties; 45. The Right to Strike in the Civil Service; 46. The Right to a Fair Trial for Civil Servants and the Importance of the State’s Interest in Applying Article 6, Paragraph 1 ECHR; Part IX: The Transformation of the Civil Service under the Influence of a New Conceptualisation of Public Administration; 47. Do Public Management Concepts Have an Impact on Civil Service Regimes?; 48. Leading Trends in the Development of the Civil Service in Europe; 49. Political Influence and the Transformation of Civil Service Systems; 50. Civil Service Adaptation and Reform in the Context of European Governance, (De-) Europeanisation and National Competition; 51. Transformational Impulses of International Law and Union Law for the Civil Service

Karl-Peter Sommermann is Professor of Public Law, Political Theory, and Comparative Law at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, Germany, and Senior Fellow at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.Adam Krzywoń is Professor of Constitutional Law at the Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw, Poland, and Research Fellow at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.Cristina Fraenkel-Haeberle is Professor of Public Law at the German University of Administrative Sciences Speyer, Germany, and Senior Researcher at the German Research Institute for Public Administration, Germany.

• Preface; Introduction; Part I: Concepts, Origins and Challenges; 1. Defining the Civil Service: Towards a Better Understanding of the Nature of Civil Service Systems in Europe; 2. Governing and Administering: The European Origins and Traditions of Civil Service; 3. The Changing Tasks and Environment of Public Administration: Challenges for the Civil Service; Part II: The Transformation of National Civil Service Systems; 4. The Civil Service in Austria: Tradition, Reforms and the Impact of European Law; 5. The Civil Service in Belgium: Between Fragmentation and Common Principles; 6. The Civil Service in Denmark: From a Public to a Private Law Employment Regime; 7. The Civil Service in France: The Evolution and Permanence of the Career System; 8. The Civil Service in Germany: A Service Based on Mutual Loyalty; 9. The Civil Service in Hungary: Differentiation and Privatisation Trends; 10. The Civil Service in Italy: A Flood of Legislative Reforms and a Few Safe Harbours; 11. The Civil Service in the Netherlands: The Normalisation of the Legal Status of Civil Servants; 12. The Civil Service in Poland: A Turbulent Path towards Professionalism, Merit-Based Recruitment and Insulation from Politicisation; 13. The Civil Service in Spain: The Deficit of Organisation in Public Employment and the Principle of Democracy; 14. The Civil Service in Sweden: Duality and Non-Specific Status of Civil Servants; 15. The Civil Service in Switzerland: Between Flexibility and Tradition; 16. The Civil Service UK Style: Facing Up to Change?; 17. The Civil Service in Ukraine: Transformation in Times of War; 18. Development of the Civil Service in a Comparative Perspective; Part III: Supra- and International Systems of Civil Service; 19. The Civil Service of the European Union; 20. The Civil Service in International Organisations: The Example of the Coordinated Organisations; Part IV: In Search of Common European Standards: Public Sector Employment Regimes; 21. Civil Service in Transition: Privatisation or Alignment of Employment Conditions?; 22. The Particular Status of the Civil Service; 23. Ensuring the Independence of the Civil Service: Civil Service, Rule of Law and Democratic Backsliding; 24. The Recruitment of Civil Servants: Bridging Democratic Requirements and Efficiency; 25. The Disciplinary Responsibility of Civil Servants: European Minimum Standards; 26. The Basic Principles of Civil Servants’ Remuneration: A Legal and Human Resource Management Analysis from a European Perspective; 27. Civil Service Retirement Pension Regime; 28. Administrative Law and Bureaucratic Autonomy in a Comparative European Perspective; Part V: Gender Equality and Non-discrimination in the Civil Service; 29. EU Non-Discrimination Law and its Potential Impact on the Civil Service of the Member States; 30. Gender Equality in the Civil Service; Part VI: The Civil Service in the Digital Age; 31. The Internet and Digital Technologies as Essential Tools for the Civil Service; 32. The Civil Service and Artificial Intelligence; 33. Public Administrations and Data Protection: An Unstoppable Europeanisation through Fundamental Rights; 34. Digital Competencies in the Civil Service; Part VII: The Role of Ethics in the Civil Service, Administrative Culture and the Fight Against Corruption; 35. Ethical Standards for the Civil Service in Europe: Substitutes for or Complements of Legal Rules?; 36. The Civil Service in Transition – The Ongoing Transformation of Administrative Culture; 37. Common European Anti-Corruption-Standards for Civil Servants; 38. Europeanisation and the Impact of Deliberative and Participatory Democracy on the Civil Service; Part VIII: Rights and Freedoms of Civil Servants; 39. Right of Access to the Public Service in the European Convention of Human Rights: A Missed Opportunity?; 40. The Protection of Privacy in Civil Service Employment; 41. Freedom of Religion or Belief in the Civil Service: How to Stay Loyal to the State While Remaining True to Oneself?; 42. Freedom of Expression of Civil Servants: Balancing Duties and Responsibilities with the Requirements of Open and Free Public Debate; 43. The Development of a Legal Framework on Whistleblowing by Public Employees in the European Union; 44. The Right to Join Trade Unions and Political Parties; 45. The Right to Strike in the Civil Service; 46. The Right to a Fair Trial for Civil Servants and the Importance of the State’s Interest in Applying Article 6, Paragraph 1 ECHR; Part IX: The Transformation of the Civil Service under the Influence of a New Conceptualisation of Public Administration; 47. Do Public Management Concepts Have an Impact on Civil Service Regimes?; 48. Leading Trends in the Development of the Civil Service in Europe; 49. Political Influence and the Transformation of Civil Service Systems; 50. Civil Service Adaptation and Reform in the Context of European Governance, (De-) Europeanisation and National Competition; 51. Transformational Impulses of International Law and Union Law for the Civil Service