Dana L. Robert is the Truman Collins Professor of World Christianity and the History of Mission at Boston University. She is the author or editor of numerous works on the history of Christian missions and non-western Christianity, including American Women in Mission: A Social History of their Thought and Practice (1997).

• List of Illustrations ixAcknowledgments xIntroduction 1Part I The Making of a World Religion: Christian Mission through the Ages 51 From Christ to Christendom 7From Jerusalem into “All the World” 10The Creation of Catholic Europe, 400–1400 212 Vernaculars and Volunteers, 1450– 31Bible Translation and the Roots of Modern Missions 32The Revitalization of Catholic Missions 36The Beginnings of Protestant Missions 41Voluntarism and Mission 44Protestant Missionary Activities in the Nineteenth Century 483 Global Networking for the Nations, 1910– 53The Growth of Global Networks 56International Awakenings 60Awakening Internationalism 64Postcolonial Rejection of Christian Mission 67Africans, Asians, and Latin Americans in Mission 69Part II Themes in Mission History 814 The Politics of Missions: Empire, Human Rights, and Land 83Critiques of Missions 87Missionaries and Human Rights 98Missionaries and the Land 1075 Women in World Mission: Purity, Motherhood, and Women’s Well-Being 114Women as Missionaries 118Purity and Gender Neutrality 119The Mission of Motherhood 124Women’s Well-Being and Social Change 1316 Conversion and Christian Community: The Missionary from St. Patrick to Bernard Mizeki 142Who Was St. Patrick? 144Bernard Mizeki, “Apostle to the Shona” 159Missionaries and the Formation of Communal Christian Identities 1717 Postscript: Multicultural Missions in Global Context 173Bibliography 178Index 193

"Despite these concerns, Christian Mission is a valuable addition to the growing literature on world Christianity . . . our overall understanding of Christianity as a world religion is significantly increased by Robert's work." (Christian Century, 8 March 2011) "Robert's book, by drawing on more recent scholarship incorporates a global view and puts world Christianity at the center of the narrative, where it belongs, This re-writing" of the history of Christian missions has just begun and likely will occupy scholars for years to come." (Church History, June 2010)"This work is a valuable contribution to the subject." (CHOICE, December 2009)"Roberts helpfully reminds the readers that this...must be understood by accounting for the various players and settings in which it unfolds: "It is important to study the spiders, but it is equally important to notice the web" (177).Christian Mission, appropriate as a college or graduate level text, is a commendable introduction to those seeking to make sense of this tangled web." (Missology, 2010)"[This book] does a lot of things (including a chronological and thematic study of 2000 years of Christian mission!). Along the way, Robert points out that Christian missionaries have done much good for the societies they have entered." (The Gospel Coalition, January 2010)"A masterful survey of mission in Christian history from the very origins of the religion to the present. … It should be required reading for any undergraduate course on Christianity or world religions." (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, October 2009)"Robert unerringly focuses on the most important issues. She is especially good on the persistence of gender issues in mission history." (Christian Century, October 2009)

Dana L. Robert is the Truman Collins Professor of World Christianity and the History of Mission at Boston University. She is the author or editor of numerous works on the history of Christian missions and non-western Christianity, including American Women in Mission: A Social History of their Thought and Practice (1997).

• List of Illustrations ixAcknowledgments xIntroduction 1Part I The Making of a World Religion: Christian Mission through the Ages 51 From Christ to Christendom 7From Jerusalem into “All the World” 10The Creation of Catholic Europe, 400–1400 212 Vernaculars and Volunteers, 1450– 31Bible Translation and the Roots of Modern Missions 32The Revitalization of Catholic Missions 36The Beginnings of Protestant Missions 41Voluntarism and Mission 44Protestant Missionary Activities in the Nineteenth Century 483 Global Networking for the Nations, 1910– 53The Growth of Global Networks 56International Awakenings 60Awakening Internationalism 64Postcolonial Rejection of Christian Mission 67Africans, Asians, and Latin Americans in Mission 69Part II Themes in Mission History 814 The Politics of Missions: Empire, Human Rights, and Land 83Critiques of Missions 87Missionaries and Human Rights 98Missionaries and the Land 1075 Women in World Mission: Purity, Motherhood, and Women’s Well-Being 114Women as Missionaries 118Purity and Gender Neutrality 119The Mission of Motherhood 124Women’s Well-Being and Social Change 1316 Conversion and Christian Community: The Missionary from St. Patrick to Bernard Mizeki 142Who Was St. Patrick? 144Bernard Mizeki, “Apostle to the Shona” 159Missionaries and the Formation of Communal Christian Identities 1717 Postscript: Multicultural Missions in Global Context 173Bibliography 178Index 193

"Despite these concerns, Christian Mission is a valuable addition to the growing literature on world Christianity . . . our overall understanding of Christianity as a world religion is significantly increased by Robert's work." (Christian Century, 8 March 2011) "Robert's book, by drawing on more recent scholarship incorporates a global view and puts world Christianity at the center of the narrative, where it belongs, This re-writing" of the history of Christian missions has just begun and likely will occupy scholars for years to come." (Church History, June 2010)"This work is a valuable contribution to the subject." (CHOICE, December 2009)"Roberts helpfully reminds the readers that this...must be understood by accounting for the various players and settings in which it unfolds: "It is important to study the spiders, but it is equally important to notice the web" (177).Christian Mission, appropriate as a college or graduate level text, is a commendable introduction to those seeking to make sense of this tangled web." (Missology, 2010)"[This book] does a lot of things (including a chronological and thematic study of 2000 years of Christian mission!). Along the way, Robert points out that Christian missionaries have done much good for the societies they have entered." (The Gospel Coalition, January 2010)"A masterful survey of mission in Christian history from the very origins of the religion to the present. … It should be required reading for any undergraduate course on Christianity or world religions." (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, October 2009)"Robert unerringly focuses on the most important issues. She is especially good on the persistence of gender issues in mission history." (Christian Century, October 2009)

Dana L. Robert is the Truman Collins Professor of World Christianity and the History of Mission at Boston University. She is the author or editor of numerous works on the history of Christian missions and non-western Christianity, including American Women in Mission: A Social History of their Thought and Practice (1997).

• List of Illustrations ixAcknowledgments xIntroduction 1Part I The Making of a World Religion: Christian Mission through the Ages 51 From Christ to Christendom 7From Jerusalem into “All the World” 10The Creation of Catholic Europe, 400–1400 212 Vernaculars and Volunteers, 1450– 31Bible Translation and the Roots of Modern Missions 32The Revitalization of Catholic Missions 36The Beginnings of Protestant Missions 41Voluntarism and Mission 44Protestant Missionary Activities in the Nineteenth Century 483 Global Networking for the Nations, 1910– 53The Growth of Global Networks 56International Awakenings 60Awakening Internationalism 64Postcolonial Rejection of Christian Mission 67Africans, Asians, and Latin Americans in Mission 69Part II Themes in Mission History 814 The Politics of Missions: Empire, Human Rights, and Land 83Critiques of Missions 87Missionaries and Human Rights 98Missionaries and the Land 1075 Women in World Mission: Purity, Motherhood, and Women’s Well-Being 114Women as Missionaries 118Purity and Gender Neutrality 119The Mission of Motherhood 124Women’s Well-Being and Social Change 1316 Conversion and Christian Community: The Missionary from St. Patrick to Bernard Mizeki 142Who Was St. Patrick? 144Bernard Mizeki, “Apostle to the Shona” 159Missionaries and the Formation of Communal Christian Identities 1717 Postscript: Multicultural Missions in Global Context 173Bibliography 178Index 193

"Despite these concerns, Christian Mission is a valuable addition to the growing literature on world Christianity . . . our overall understanding of Christianity as a world religion is significantly increased by Robert's work." (Christian Century, 8 March 2011) "Robert's book, by drawing on more recent scholarship incorporates a global view and puts world Christianity at the center of the narrative, where it belongs, This re-writing" of the history of Christian missions has just begun and likely will occupy scholars for years to come." (Church History, June 2010)"This work is a valuable contribution to the subject." (CHOICE, December 2009)"Roberts helpfully reminds the readers that this...must be understood by accounting for the various players and settings in which it unfolds: "It is important to study the spiders, but it is equally important to notice the web" (177).Christian Mission, appropriate as a college or graduate level text, is a commendable introduction to those seeking to make sense of this tangled web." (Missology, 2010)"[This book] does a lot of things (including a chronological and thematic study of 2000 years of Christian mission!). Along the way, Robert points out that Christian missionaries have done much good for the societies they have entered." (The Gospel Coalition, January 2010)"A masterful survey of mission in Christian history from the very origins of the religion to the present. … It should be required reading for any undergraduate course on Christianity or world religions." (International Bulletin of Missionary Research, October 2009)"Robert unerringly focuses on the most important issues. She is especially good on the persistence of gender issues in mission history." (Christian Century, October 2009)