• List of tables; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations of frequently cited sources; Introduction; Part I. Professions and Professionals: 1. Professions in early-twentieth-century Shanghai; 2. Professionals as urban middle class; Conclusion to part I; Part II. Social Institutions, State Actions, and Professionalization: 3. The Republican State and urban associations; 4. The Republican State and the legal profession; 5. The Republican State and the medical profession; Conclusion to part II; Part III. Professionalism, Nationalism, and Politics: 6. From 'literary men' to professionals: Shanghai journalists; 7. National essence versus science: the medical profession in conflict; 8. Professionalism and nationalism: the Shanghai Bar Association (I); 9. Professionalism and politics: the Shanghai Bar Association (II); Conclusion to part III; Conclusion; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

'… interesting and evocative of the atmosphere of the times … this is an exhaustive study …' History

• List of tables; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations of frequently cited sources; Introduction; Part I. Professions and Professionals: 1. Professions in early-twentieth-century Shanghai; 2. Professionals as urban middle class; Conclusion to part I; Part II. Social Institutions, State Actions, and Professionalization: 3. The Republican State and urban associations; 4. The Republican State and the legal profession; 5. The Republican State and the medical profession; Conclusion to part II; Part III. Professionalism, Nationalism, and Politics: 6. From 'literary men' to professionals: Shanghai journalists; 7. National essence versus science: the medical profession in conflict; 8. Professionalism and nationalism: the Shanghai Bar Association (I); 9. Professionalism and politics: the Shanghai Bar Association (II); Conclusion to part III; Conclusion; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

'… interesting and evocative of the atmosphere of the times … this is an exhaustive study …' History

• List of tables; Acknowledgments; Abbreviations of frequently cited sources; Introduction; Part I. Professions and Professionals: 1. Professions in early-twentieth-century Shanghai; 2. Professionals as urban middle class; Conclusion to part I; Part II. Social Institutions, State Actions, and Professionalization: 3. The Republican State and urban associations; 4. The Republican State and the legal profession; 5. The Republican State and the medical profession; Conclusion to part II; Part III. Professionalism, Nationalism, and Politics: 6. From 'literary men' to professionals: Shanghai journalists; 7. National essence versus science: the medical profession in conflict; 8. Professionalism and nationalism: the Shanghai Bar Association (I); 9. Professionalism and politics: the Shanghai Bar Association (II); Conclusion to part III; Conclusion; Glossary; Bibliography; Index.

'… interesting and evocative of the atmosphere of the times … this is an exhaustive study …' History