Johannes Karl Fink is Professor of Macromolecular Chemistry at Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria. His industry and academic career spans more than 30 years in the fields of polymers, and his research interests include characterization, flame retardancy, thermodynamics and the degradation of polymers, pyrolysis, and adhesives. Professor Fink has published several books on physical chemistry and polymer science including A Concise Introduction to Additives for Thermoplastic Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2009), The Chemistry of Biobased Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2014), Polymer Waste Management (Wiley-Scrivener 2018) and 3D Industrial Printing with Polymers (Wiley-Scrivener 2019).

• Preface i1 An Overview of Methods and Standards 11.1 History of Biodegradable Plastics 11.2 Green Chemistry 31.2.1 Genetic Engineering 51.3 Commercial Situation 81.4 Environmental Situation 91.4.1 Problems with Bio-based Composites 131.4.2 Biodegradation 141.5 Properties of Biodegradable Polymers 191.6 Special Methods of Synthesis 191.6.1 Conventional Methods 191.6.2 Click Chemistry 201.6.3 Enzymatic Polymerization 211.6.4 Chemoenzymatic Polymerization 241.6.5 Vine-Twining Polymerization 261.6.6 Bacterial Synthesis 281.7 Biodegradability Standards 281.7.1 Guidelines for the Development of Standards 291.7.2 Specifications for Compostable Plastics 321.7.3 Ultimate Anaerobic Biodegradability 331.7.4 Aerobic Biodegradability 331.7.5 Biodegradability of Plastics in Seawater 361.8 Test of the Biological Origin 38References 45Part I Bio-based Polymers Degradation and Chemistry 572 Vinyl-Based Polymers 592.1 Polyolefins 592.1.1 Degradability 602.1.2 Degradation Mechanism 602.1.3 Prodegradants 612.2 Poly(styrene)Elastomers 632.3 Poly(vinyl alcohol) 632.3.1 Plasticized Compositions 632.3.2 Hydrogels 672.3.3 Antibacterial Film 682.4 Poly(vinyl butyral) 702.4.1 Blends with Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) 712.4.2 Blends with Poly(lactic acid) 722.4.3 Paper Coatings 732.4.4 Fibers 742.4.5 Membranes 752.4.6 Solar Cells 772.4.7 Adhesive for Safety Glass 79References 823 Acid and Lactone Polymers 873.1 Poly(lactic acid) 873.1.1 Production Processes 873.1.2 Fibers 963.1.3 Influence of Fabrication Methods and Kenaf Fiber Length 983.1.4 Kenaf Fibers for Reinforcement of PP 993.1.5 Films 993.1.6 Fertilizer Solutions 1013.1.7 Reinforced Composites 1023.1.8 Nanocomposites 1033.1.9 Membranes 1053.1.10 Antibacterial Composites 1063.1.11 Laminated Composites from Kenaf Fiber 1073.1.12 Copolyesters 1083.1.13 Transparent Crystalline Poly(lactic acid) 1093.1.14 Laminated Biocomposites 1103.2 Poly(glycolic acid)s 1113.2.1 Glycolic Acid 1113.2.2 Polymers, Copolymers, and Blends 1123.2.3 Condensation Polymer of Glycerol 1123.3 Butyrolactone-Based Vinyl Monomers 1143.3.1 Tulipalin A 1143.3.2 α-Methylene-γ-valerolactone 1163.4 Poly(caprolactone) 119References 1224 Ester and Amide Polymers 1294.1 Poly(ester)s 1294.1.1 Poly(hydroxyalkonate)s 1294.1.2 Methyl-10-undecenoate 1304.1.3 Poly(butylene adipate) Copolyesters 1354.1.4 Poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s 1354.1.5 Poly(hydroxybutyrate) 1374.1.6 Poly(hydroxyvalerate) 1394.1.7 Poly(3-hydroxyhexanoic acid) 1424.1.8 Poly(β-hydroxyoctanoate) 1454.1.9 Poly(γ-glutamicacid) 1484.1.10 Poly(butylene succinate) 1504.1.11 Dianhydrohexitol-Based Polymers 1534.1.12 Aliphatic-Aromatic Copolyesters 1584.1.13 Succinate-Based Polyesters 1654.1.14 Sebacate-Based Polyesters 1654.1.15 2,5-Furandicarboxylic Acid-Based Polyesters 1694.1.16 Unsaturated Polyesters 1704.1.17 Sulfonated Polyesters 1744.2 Plant Oil-Based Biopolymers 1774.2.1 Water Treatment 1794.2.2 Plant Oils with Acrylic Moities 1814.2.3 Plant Oils with Phosphorus Moities 1824.2.4 Vanillin-Based Monomers and Polymers 1854.2.5 Soybean Oil Epoxidized Acrylate 1894.2.6 Vegetable Oil Thermosets 1904.3 Poly(amide)s 1924.3.1 Soy-Based Bioplastic and Chopped Industrial Hemp 1924.3.2 Soybean-Based Composites 193References 2035 Carbohydrate-Related Polymers 2135.1 Starch 2135.1.1 Starch Modification 2145.1.2 Reactive Dye Removal 2185.1.3 Starch Granules 2195.1.4 Baked Foams 2245.1.5 Starch Composite Foam 2265.1.6 High Starch Polymer 2315.1.7 Destructurization of Natural Starch 2325.1.8 Melt Processable Starch 2335.1.9 Starch-Based Aerogels 2355.1.10 Spinning Processes for Starch 2365.1.11 Pre-gelled Starch Suspensions 2395.1.12 Processing of Natural Starch 2405.1.13 Granular Starch as Additive to Conventional Polymers 2415.2 Cellulose 2435.2.1 Liquid Crystalline Derivatives 2445.2.2 Cellulose Fibers 2465.2.3 Cellulose Nanopapers 2535.2.4 Modified Cellulose Fibers 2565.3 Cellulose Ethers 2595.4 Nonionic Cellulose Ethers 2625.5 Cellulose Esters 2635.6 Cellulose Ether Esters 2655.7 Lignin 2675.7.1 Lignocellulose Biorefinery 2695.7.2 Acid Hydrolysis 2715.7.3 Alkaline Hydrolysis 2725.7.4 Enzymatic Hydrolysis 2735.7.5 Reductive or Oxidative Fractionation 2735.7.6 Combined Pretreatment Methods 2745.7.7 Pyrolysis 2755.7.8 Acidic Conversion 2775.7.9 Reductive Conversion 2775.7.10 Oxidative Conversion 2775.8 Biodegradable Nanocomposites 2785.8.1 Oxidation of Spruce and Pulps 2795.8.2 Modified Cellulose Nanofibers 2805.8.3 Bio-based Epoxy Nanocomposites 2815.9 Chitin 281References 2866 Other Polymer Types 2976.1 Terpenes 2976.1.1 Grafted Terpene 2976.1.2 Thiol-ene Additions 2986.1.3 Pinenes 2996.2 Poly(urethane)s 3046.2.1 Poly(ester urethane)s 3056.3 Cationic Lipopolymers 3066.4 Plastics from Bacteria 3076.4.1 Poly(β-hydroxyalkanoate)s 3076.5 Bio-based Epoxy Resins 3106.5.1 Poloxamers 3116.6 Phosphate-Containing Polymers 3126.7 Polyketals 3206.8 Biorubber 3226.9 Collagen 3236.10 Pyridinium Modified Polymers 3246.11 Commercial Biodegradable Polymers 325References 327Part II Applications 3317 Packaging, Food Applications and Foams 3337.1 Packaging 3337.1.1 Packaging Materials 3337.1.2 Lightweight Compostable Packaging 3347.1.3 Laminate Coatings 3357.1.4 PLA Resins 3367.1.5 Protein-Derived Bionanocomposites 3377.1.6 Lignocellulose 3387.1.7 Tannic Acid 3387.1.8 Starch Compositions 3407.1.9 Heat-Sealable Paperboard 3497.1.10 Packages with Corrosion Inhibitor 3507.1.11 Multiwall Package 3517.1.12 Cushioning Nuggets 3527.1.13 Fluid Containers 3537.2 Fibers and Nets 3567.2.1 Multicomponent Fiber 3567.2.2 Biodegradable Netting 3577.2.3 Electrospun Nanofibrous Mat 3587.3 Foams 3597.3.1 Foamed Articles 3607.3.2 Blends 3617.3.3 Starch-Polyester Graft Copolymer 3617.3.4 Foamed Gelling Hydrocolloids 3617.4 Biodegradable Adhesive Compositions 3667.5 Food Applications 3677.5.1 Edible Packaging 3677.5.2 Canola Protein-Based Biodegradable Packaging 3687.6 Other Applications 3697.6.1 Chewing Gum 3697.6.2 Astaxanthin 3697.6.3 Edible Films and Coatings 371References 3758 Medical Applications 3838.1 Drug Delivery 3838.1.1 Acacia 3888.1.2 PLA and PLGA Copolymers 3928.1.3 Poly(γ –glutamic acid) 3938.1.4 Carrageenan 3948.1.5 Cellulose 3958.1.6 Chitosan 3968.1.7 Gellan Gum 3968.1.8 Guar Gum 3988.1.9 Hyaluronic Acid Derivatives 3988.1.10 Khaya Gum 4018.1.11 Locust Bean Gum 4018.1.12 Pectin 4028.1.13 Xanthan Gum 4038.1.14 Tragacanth Gum 4038.1.15 Electrospinning 4058.1.16 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery 4128.2 Tissue Engineering 4148.2.1 Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering 4148.2.2 3D Bioprinting 4178.2.3 Periodontal Tissue Engineering 4188.2.4 Cell Carriers 4198.3 Tissue Markers 4198.4 Hydrogels 4228.5 Microporous Materials 4238.6 Implants 4268.6.1 Inflammatory Problems with Implants 4278.6.2 Eye Implants 4308.6.3 Thermosetting Implants 4348.6.4 Neurotoxin Implants 4388.6.5 Water-Soluble Glass Fibers 4388.6.6 Bone Repair 4398.7 Shape Memory Polymers 4428.7.1 Shape Memory Polyesters 4448.8 Stents 4448.8.1 Surface Erosion 4478.8.2 Tubular Main Body 4488.8.3 Multilayer Stents 4498.9 Thermogelling Materials 4508.10 Cancer Therapy 4518.10.1 Anticancer Peptide 4518.10.2 Synergistic Cancer Therapy 4528.11 Wound Dressings 4528.12 Bioceramics 4538.13 Conjugates 454References 4569 Personal Care and Sanitary Goods 4659.1 Breathable Biodegradable Composition 4659.2 Personal Hygiene Applications 4659.3 Sanitary Goods 4669.4 Superabsorbent Materials 469References 47310 Miscellaneous Applications 47510.1 Flooring Materials 47510.2 Abrasives and Polishing Compositions 47910.2.1 Cleansers 47910.2.2 Polishing Pads 48210.3 Lubricants 48410.4 Renewable Cards 48510.5 Biodegradable Irrigation Pipe 48710.6 Thermosensitive Material 48810.7 Biodegradable Scale Inhibitors 49110.7.1 Phosphorus-Containing Polymer 49110.8 Nanocomposites 49210.9 Molded Articles from Fruit Residues 49310.10 Fluorescent Biodegradable Particles 49310.11 Test Cylinder Mold for Testing Concrete 49610.12 Flexographic Inks 49610.13 Audio Systems 49810.14 Automotive Uses 49910.15 Oil Well Environment 50010.16 Green Hot Melt Adhesives 50110.17 Mechanistic Studies 50110.17.1OlefinIsomerization 501References 50411 Biofuels 50711.1 Xenobiotics 50711.2 Biopolymers 50811.2.1 Poly(l-lactide) 50811.3 Bioethanol 51011.3.1 Pretreatment Methods 51211.3.2 Cellulases and Hemicellulases 51411.3.3 Production from Starch 51611.3.4 Production from Lignocellulose 51711.3.5 Production from Lichenan 51811.3.6 Production from Other Sources 52011.4 Biobutanol 52311.5 Biodiesel 53011.5.1 Transesterification Methods 53111.5.2 Production from Microalgae Beats 53311.5.3 Two-Step Catalytic Conversion 53311.5.4 Improvement of Diesel Fuel Properties by Terpenes 534References 537Index 543Tradenames 543Acronyms 550Chemicals 553General Index 564